Temat: esterification - Prolib Integro

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Biodiesel Production of Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Using Hydrotalcite Catalyst
Autorzy:: Agustina, Tuty Emilia
Heraldy, Eddy
Hadiah, Fitri
Hasanudin
Arita, Susila
Prakoso, Tirto
Sari, Tuti Indah
Suprapto, Bhakti Yudho
Putra, Muhammad Firdaus Kusuma
Ramadhani, Dimas Luthfi
Tematy:: biodiesel
esterification
transesterification
hydrotalcite; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2105272.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Biodiesel is currently preferred for consumption and has been widely used as a substitute for diesel. This study aimed to determine the effect of various methanol-to-oil ratios in the esterification process and also the effect of hydrotalcite catalyst weight on the transesterification product. The catalyst was characterized with SEM, XRD, FTIR, and TG-DTG-DTA. The esterification process was operated at various oil-to-methanol ratios, i.e., 1:12–1:36 and the transesterification was performed using several catalyst weights, 0.5%–2.5%. The results showed that the optimum conditions of esterification were at the 1:30 molar ratio of oil-to-methanol, which decreased the amount of acid number by 95.75%, while the optimum condition of transesterification was at 1.5% catalyst weight. The characteristics of biodiesel using 0.5–2% hydrotalcite catalyst (acid number, total glycerol, free glycerol, ester levels, viscosity, density, oxidation stability) have met the Indonesian biodiesel standard of SNI-04-7182-2012.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Ethyl and methyl esters production field esterification plant
Autorzy:: Chraplewska, N.
Duda, K.
Tematy:: esters
methanol
ethanol
field esterification plant; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247273.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Production of biofuels from vegetable oils, which would be able to meet restrictive standards in quality, is a complicated process. It results from building provision determinants to be met, as well as the method of process, which requires necessary equipment. While the production of ethyl esters is less harmful for operators than in case of methyl esters, so far for both alcohols there are many hazardous for them. One way of reduction inconvenience of the construction requirements for work with explosives is to put the installation on the mobile platform that will enable the creation of biofuels away from the urban areas. For the production of esters from rapeseed oils may be used methanol and ethanol. Depending on alcohol used, the resulting ester will have different properties. Presented material describes the requirements for the buildings where the production of esters can be made. A comparison of properties of methyl and ethyl esters, as well as a description of the transesterification process and the quality of test results obtained in the field esterification plant. The paper focuses on the renewable energy on the example of biodiesel. Esters, being an alternative to diesel oil, fall into two groups: methyl or ethyl fatty acids esters derived from oils, most often rapeseed oil. Biodiesel is available at petrol stations as 100% ester or mixture with diesel oil.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Processing and Performance of Blended Biodiesel Produced from Microalgae Pediastrum Boryanum
Autorzy:: Chellappa, Thiago
da Silva, Raphael Eliedson
Filgueira, Mário Sérgio Gomes
Rabelo, Daniela Aisha Silva de Souza
Lira, Isadora Patriota de Aguiar
Bremgartner, Afra Raquel de Almeida
Bragato, Marcos
Santos, Dino Lincoln Figueirôa
Rosa, José Guilherme da Silva Santa
Chellappa, Naithirithi T.
Sanábio, Robson Guimarães
Nascimento, Rubens M.
Tematy:: biodiesel
diesel
algae
esterification
transesterification
residue; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2069909.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: In this present study, biodiesel was synthesized as per ASTM method by using algae as a raw material, which in the environment is considered as being a harmful waste and of a nature that blooms in ponds, lakes and reservoirs. In order to improve fuel quality, the transesterification process was carried out in this study so as to remove fatty acids and thereafter, analyze several fuel parameters of the biodiesel were determined. The calorific value of the biodiesel and its specific gravity was 42660 kJ/kg and 0.803 g/cm3 respectively. The viscosity of the sample was found to be 1.99. The cetane number of diesel fuel ranged from 40 to 55 and for the biodiesel it was found to be 47. The flashpoint and firepoint of the sample was recorded as 80°C and 94°C respectively. The conclusion is that it is worthy to mention that this process does not require high-end technology; hence, it could be used in the energy generation process in remote areas and as an alternative resource, as well.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: The influence of the catalyst on the kinetics of ethyl metacrylate synthesis
Autorzy:: Grzesik, M.
Witczak, T.
Tematy:: estryfikacja
heteropolikwasy
kinetyka
esterification
heteropoliacids
kinetics; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/778457.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The synthesis of ethyl metacrylate in the liquid phase was studied. Tungstophosphoric and molybdophosphoric acids, which belong to heteropolyacids group, were used as a catalyst. The chemical compounds from this group are often utilized in the catalysis with regard to their activity and selectivity. The rate equations, reaction rate constants and equilibrium constants have been determined. The reaction order and the kinetic parameters of the kinetic relations were determined by the integral method. All rate equations are formulated with activities taking the non ideal effects of the compounds into consideration. It was found that the kinetics of the esterification of the presented reactions was non-elementary.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Consider reactive separations
Autorzy:: Kołodziej, A.
Jaroszyński, M.
Janus, B.
Kleszcz, T.
Tematy:: reactive distillation
structure catalytic packing
esterification
etherification; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Politechnika Bydgoska im. Jana i Jędrzeja Śniadeckich. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/347029.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Reactive separation (RS) is the combination of a chemical (catalytic) reaction and a separation technique. For reactive distillation (RD), the reaction is combined with distillation. Rapid development of RS is the result of growing environmental demands and increasing energy costs. Several processes are performed using RD, such as esterification, etherification (fuel antiknocks), and hydrodesulphurisation. Other RS techniques also develop rapidly. However, the success has not come without some serious problems. The heterogeneous proton catalysts still do not meet the requirements of many processes. The column internals with a built-in catalyst are rather sparse and expensive and their characteristics are not studied well enough. Therefore intensive studies are still being performed. This study presents a brief summary of the processes realisable with the usage of reactive distillation, catalysts, and column internals. Some interesting research results and application examples are also quoted.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Optimization of rapeseed oil fatty acid esterification with methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid
Autorzy:: Brinks, J.
Malins, K.
Kampars, V.
Prilucka, J.
Apseniece, L.
Tematy:: biodiesel
free fatty acids
sulfuric acid
methanol
esterification; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780067.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The interest in biodiesel production from low cost feedstocks is still increasing. Such feedstocks usually contain large amounts of free fatty acids, which make the currently employed base catalysts inefficient, thereby promoting the use of acid catalysts. Due to the high activity and low cost, sulfuric acid could become the most widely used acid catalyst for biodiesel production. Research undertaken so far using sulfuric acid for esterifi cation of fatty acids has shown that the products obtained fail to meet the requirements of the standard EN 14214. This paper describes a systematic study of rapeseed oil fatty acids esterification in order to obtain a product complying with the standard EN 14214. The influence of sulfuric acid concentrations (0.1-3.0%), methanol molar ratios (1:1-20:1) and reaction time (0-360 min) was evaluated. Finally, a two-stage esterification process was developed, where in optimal conditions esterification yield of 97.8% and ester content of 99.6% were achieved.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Pervaporation applied for dewatering of reaction mixture during esterification
Autorzy:: Krasiński, A.
Grudzień, A.
Wierzba, P.
Hajmowicz, H.
Zawada, K.
Synoradzki, L.
Tematy:: diethyl tartrate
esterification
pervaporation
distillation
integrated process
perwaporacja
destylacja; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/184959.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: In this work the esterification of diethyl tartrate was studied. The research was focused on the enhancement of reversible reaction yield, which is accomplished by dewatering of the reaction mixture. The removal of water shifts the equilibrium towards the main product. Pervaporation was applied for this purpose, and results were compared to distillation. The advantages and limitations of both processes are discussed. The experimental part consists of dewatering of mixture after the reaction had reached the equilibrium, and was subsequently fed to the test rig equipped with a single zeolite membrane purchased from Pervatech B.V. Results show a significant conversion increase as a result of water removal by pervaporation. Compared to distillation no addition of organics is necessary to efficiently remove water above the azeotrope. Nevertheless, some limitations and issues which call for optimisation are pointed out. A simple numerical model is proposed to support design and sizing of the pervaporation system. Various modes of integrated system operation are also briefly discussed.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Production of Natural Pectin from Locally Available Fruit Waste and Its Applications as Commercially Value-added Product in Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics and Food Processing Industries
Autorzy:: Demisu, Degnechew Genene
Tematy:: Degree of Esterification
Fruit waste
Gelling agent
Pectin
Pharmaceuticals
Polysaccharide; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1109331.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The raise in production of fruit products, such as marmalade, low-caloric foods, juice, frozen foods, jellies and jams, has led to the generation of large volume of fruit wastes as a by-product. These agro-industrial wastes cause serious environmental pollution, and hence, there is an urgent need for their recycling and appropriate utilization via extraction and production of biologically and chemically functional ingredients (i.e. pectin). This review work demonstrates the importance of pectin molecule, its chemical compositions and general biochemical properties, its gelation techniques or mechanisms and its applications as functional and value-added ingredients in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food processing industries. Normally, pectin exists in the cell wall of plant cell or fruit cell possessing biopolymer or polysaccharide structures. This by-product has received increasing recognition in modern processing industries and can also be obtained from fruit wastes preponderantly through extraction process. Several factors, such as Degree of esterification, Molecular size, Temperature, Presence of other solutes (i.e. sugar), Charge density on the molecule, and pH values strongly affect the nature of gel formation entire the pectin molecule. Therefore, suitable and effective extraction mechanisms have to be employed to produce this valuable product (i.e. pectin) from locally available fruit wastes.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Oczyszczanie ścieków technologicznych z kwasu octowego metodą destylacji reaktywnej - modelowanie kinetyki reakcji estryfikacji
Technological wastewater treatment from acetic acid by reactive distillation - esterification reaction kinetics modelling
Autorzy:: Hehlmann, J.
Sobecki, M.
Gądek, M.
Tematy:: ścieki technologiczne
destylacja reaktywna
estryfikacja
wastewater technology
reactive distillation
esterification; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819550.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Zainteresowanie ochroną środowiska leży u podstaw zrównoważonej gospodarki światowej. Koncepcja wytrzymałości światowego systemu ekologicznego opiera się na dwóch podstawowych pojęciach: potrzeby i ograniczenia. W myśl tej tezy prowadzone są poszukiwania nowych "ekologicznych" technologii oraz metod modernizacji już istniejących. Destylacja reaktywna jest jednym z tych innowacyjnych trendów. Pomimo faktu, że w przemyśle chemicznym idea tworzenia procesów hybrydowych nie stanowi novum, to jednak dopiero na przestrzeni ostatnich lat, wskutek wzrostu popytu na dodatki do benzyn bezołowiowych, proces destylacji reaktywnej zaczął cieszyć się zainteresowaniem. W roku 1984 koncern Eastman Kodak Chemicals wykorzystując destylację reaktywną rozpoczął produkcję MTBE na skalę przemysłową. Kombinację dziewięciu kolumn destylacyjnych i reaktora zastąpiono jedną kolumną reaktywną [1, 2].
The paper presents possibilities of reactive distillation column application in recovery of acetic acid from waste water and industrial streams. Reaction zone of RD column is equipped with hybrid structural plate. This is new apparatus solution for reactive separation process. There was investigated kinetics of esterification in diluted water solution. Experimental conversion was compared with modeling in process simulator using pseudo homogenous and heterogenous kinetics equation. Hybrid structural plate (Fig. 1b) is a solution that allows to perform the esterification reaction of acetic acid using methanol. The study aimed at mapping the process conditions used in the plate column used in RD column. Satisfying (ca. 50%) conversion rate of 99.5% acetic acid was obtained. The reaction in aqueous solution runs slower, due to the diluted streams of reagents, shift of the equilibrium of reaction and limited use of catalyst accumulated in the perforated container. Presented construction solution, with some modifications, is the subject of the patent application being developed [15]. Esterification of concentrated solutions of acetic acid in plate devices can be described with a heterogeneous model, and diluted with pseudohomogenic model. Mass transport, assuming ideal mixing in the heterogeneous system is very complicated and seems to have a slightly different mechanism for three-phase system (vapour/liquid/solid) in the reactive column with plates working on the idea barbotage than catalytic structural fills. Application of kinetic equations from pseudohomogenic or heterogeneous models is correct for the RD column equipped with only the dumped or structural fill of KATAPAK type [14], working under the streamlined regime.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Carbon-based acid catalyst from waste seed shells: preparation and characterization
Autorzy:: Wang, L. H.
Liu, H.
Li, L.
Tematy:: carbon-based solid acid
waste seed shells
esterification
transesterification
biodiesel; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/778575.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: A carbon-based solid acid catalyst was prepared by the sulfonation of carbonized seed shells of Jatropha curcas (J. curcas L.). The structure of amorphous carbon consisting of polycyclic aromatic carbon sheets attached a high density of acidic SO3H groups (2.0 mmol · g−1) was identified with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The performance of the solid acid catalyst was evaluated for biodiesel production in the esterification of oleic acid with methanol. 95.7% yield of biodiesel was obtained after 2 h reaction and the conversions with reused catalyst varied in the range of 95.7% to 95.1%, showing better activity and stability than commercial catalyst amberlyst-46. It was also observed that the prepared catalyst showed enhanced activity in the transesterification of triolein with methanol when compared with other solid acid catalysts. A synergistic effect results from the high density of SO3H groups and the good access of reactants to the acidic sites can be used to explain the excellent catalytic activity, as well as the strong affinity between the hydrophilic reactants and the neutral OH groups bonded to the polycyclic aromatic carbon rings.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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