Temat: monitoring - Prolib Integro

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: A network analysis of affective and motivational individual differences and error monitoring in a non-clinical sample
Autorzy:: Senderecka, Magdalena
Grabowska, Anna
Sondej, Filip
Opis:: Error monitoring, which plays a crucial role in shaping adaptive behavior, is influenced by a complex interplay of affective and motivational factors. Understanding these associations often proves challenging due to the intricate nature of these variables. With the aim of addressing previous inconsistencies and methodological gaps, in this study, we utilized network analysis to investigate the relationship between affective and motivational individual differences and error monitoring. We employed six Gaussian Graphical Models on a non-clinical population (N = 236) to examine the conditional dependence between the amplitude of response-related potentials (error-related negativity; correct-related negativity) and 29 self-report measures related to anxiety, depression, obsessive thoughts, compulsive behavior, and motivation while adjusting for covariates: age, handedness, and latency of error-related negativity and correct-related negativity. We then validated our results on an independent sample of 107 participants. Our findings revealed unique associations between error-related negativity amplitudes and specific traits. Notably, more pronounced error-related negativity amplitudes were associated with increased rumination and obsessing, and decreased reward sensitivity. Importantly, in our non-clinical sample, error-related negativity was not directly associated with trait anxiety. These results underscore the nuanced effects of affective and motivational traits on error processing in healthy population.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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Tytuł:: Individual differences in decisiveness : ERP correlates of response inhibition and error monitoring
Autorzy:: Szewczyk, Jakub
Wichary, Szymon
Kossowska, Małgorzata
Senderecka, Magdalena
Opis:: The aim of the current study was to examine whether and how self-reported decisiveness is associated with response inhibition and performance monitoring. We hypothesized that these two cognitive control mechanisms, both of which are often associated with decision making, would differ in individuals varying in decisiveness. We focused on ERP correlates and behavioral measures of inhibition and error processing in the stop-signal task. We expected a negative relationship between decisiveness and behavioral measures of inhibitory control. We also hypothesized that stop-signal-locked N1 and P3 components and response-locked error-related negativity (ERN) would be less pronounced when participants self-reported higher levels of decisiveness. Correlation analysis identified an association between high decisiveness, long stop-signal reaction time, and low inhibition rate. Analysis with mixed-effects linear models revealed that stop signals evoked less pronounced N1 and P3 in individuals scoring higher on decisiveness in both successfully and unsuccessfully inhibited trials. Additionally, high decisiveness was linked to reduced error monitoring, as indicated by decreased ERNs. Importantly, we also found positive association between P3 onset latency and decisiveness, suggesting that individuals scoring higher on this measure have relatively less ability to rapidly engage the stopping process. Thus, our findings primarily indicate that decisiveness is negatively associated with the efficiency of both response inhibition and error monitoring. They also suggest that highly decisive people may share some characteristics of diminished cognitive control with impulsive individuals.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Are there different types of error monitoring? : a microstates analysis of error-related brain activity across three tasks
Autorzy:: Senderecka, Magdalena
Grabowska, Anna
Sondej, Filip
Opis:: Error monitoring is commonly studied using various inhibitory control tasks, involving response withholding, response cancellation, or response selection. However, it remains unclear whether there is a common neural mechanism underlying error monitoring across these tasks or if it is specific to distinct types of cognitive failures. To identify both similarities and differences in the neural processing of errors across go/no-go, stop-signal, and flanker tasks, we employed microstate analysis. This method allows to study the dynamically evolving topographical patterns of neural activity throughout the brain. Our results revealed that the early phase of error monitoring in all tasks predominantly engages the supplementary motor area. In addition, we observed task-specific neural activity encompassing visual and motor areas in the go/no-go task, the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex in the stop-signal task, and its ventral part in the flanker task. These findings suggest that error monitoring involves a collection of interconnected cognitive processes, rather than a uniform mechanism across tasks.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Threatening visual stimuli influence response inhibition and error monitoring : an event-related potential study
Autorzy:: Senderecka, Magdalena
Opis:: The present study investigated the effect of emotion on response inhibition and error monitoring using event-related potentials. Participants performed an emotional stop-signal task that required response inhibition to briefly presented threatening and neutral visual stimuli. Negative, arousing pictures improved behavioral performance by decreasing the stop-signal reaction time and increasing the inhibitory rate, but had no enhancing effect on inhibitory processing at the electrophysiological level (N2-P3 complex). The perceptual processing of threatening stop-signals resulted in a larger and earlier N1 component. The Pe component, associated with conscious evaluation or affective processing of an error, was stronger in negative than in neutral trials. The stronger Pe correlated with superior task performance in the emotional condition. Prioritized perceptual processing of the stop-signal was associated with better conscious error monitoring. These results support the hypothesis that threatening, arousing stimuli improve behavioral inhibitory performance and error monitoring due to the enhancement of perceptual processing.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Emotional enhancement of error detection : the role of perceptual processing and inhibition monitoring in failed auditory stop trials
Autorzy:: Senderecka, Magdalena
Opis:: The first aim of the present study was to test whether arousing, aversive sounds can influence inhibitory task performance and lead to increased error monitoring relative to a neutral task condition. The second aim was to examine whether the enhancement of error monitoring in an affective context (if present) could be predicted from stop-signal-related brain activity. Participants performed an emotional stop-signal task that required response inhibition to aversive and neutral auditory stimuli. The behavioral data revealed that unpleasant sounds facilitated inhibitory processing by decreasing the stop-signal reaction time and increasing the inhibitory rate relative to neutral tones. Aversive sounds evoked larger N1, P3, and Pe components, indicating improvements in perceptual processing, inhibition, and conscious error monitoring. A first regression analysis, conducted regardless of the category of the stop signal, revealed that both selected indexes of stop-signal-related brain activity - the N1 and P3 amplitudes recorded in the unsuccessfully inhibited trials - significantly accounted for the Pe component variance, explaining a large amount of the observed variation (66%). A second regression model, focused on difference measures (emotional minus neutral), revealed that the affective increase in the P3 amplitude on failed stop trials was the only factor that significantly accounted for the emotional enhancement effect in the Pe amplitude. This suggests that, in general (regardless of stop - signal condition), error processing is stronger if the erroneous response directly follows the stimulus, which was effectively processed on both the perceptual and action - monitoring levels. However, only inhibition - monitoring evidence accounts for the emotional increase in conscious error detection.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Post-error brain activity correlates with incidental memory for negative words
Autorzy:: Matyjek, Magdalena
Ociepka, Michał
Kroczek, Bartłomiej
Senderecka, Magdalena
Opis:: The present study had three main objectives. First, we aimed to evaluate whether short-duration affective states induced by negative and positive words can lead to increased error-monitoring activity relative to a neutral task condition. Second, we intended to determine whether such an enhancement is limited to words of specific valence or is a general response to arousing material. Third, we wanted to assess whether post-error brain activity is associated with incidental memory for negative and/or positive words. Participants performed an emotional stop-signal task that required response inhibition to negative, positive or neutral nouns while EEG was recorded. Immediately after the completion of the task, they were instructed to recall as many of the presented words as they could in an unexpected free recall test. We observed significantly greater brain activity in the error-positivity (Pe) time window in both negative and positive trials. The error-related negativity amplitudes were comparable in both the neutral and emotional arousing trials, regardless of their valence. Regarding behavior, increased processing of emotional words was reflected in better incidental recall. Importantly, the memory performance for negative words was positively correlated with the Pe amplitude, particularly in the negative condition. The source localization analysis revealed that the subsequent memory recall for negative words was associated with widespread bilateral brain activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and in the medial frontal gyrus, which was registered in the Pe time window during negative trials. The present study has several important conclusions. First, it indicates that the emotional enhancement of error monitoring, as reflected by the Pe amplitude, may be induced by stimuli with symbolic, ontogenetically learned emotional significance. Second, it indicates that the emotion-related enhancement of the Pe occurs across both negative and positive conditions, thus it is preferentially driven by the arousal content of an affective stimuli. Third, our findings suggest that enhanced error monitoring and facilitated recall of negative words may both reflect responsivity to negative events. More speculatively, they can also indicate that post-error activity of the medial prefrontal cortex may selectively support encoding for negative stimuli and contribute to their privileged access to memory.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Visual short-term memory in younger and older adults : a cognitive neuroscience perspective
Funkcjonowanie wzrokowej pamięci krótkotrwałej u starszych i młodszych dorosłych : perspektywa neurokognitywistyczna
Autorzy:: Sikora-Wachowicz, Barbara
Współwytwórcy:: Marek, Tadeusz
Opis:: Charakterystyka problemu: Wraz z wiekiem sprawność wielu funkcji poznawczych ulega pogorszeniu, utrudniając efektywną adaptację do wymogów środowiska. Biorąc pod uwagę starzenie się społeczeństwa, badania nad mechanizmami leżącymi u podłoża zachodzących zmian są niezwykle istotne. Szczególnie ważna w tym kontekście wydaje się być tematyka zniekształceń w pamięci krótkotrwałej, kluczowej dla efektywnego funkcjonowania człowieka. W odniesieniu do pamięci długotrwałej starsi dorośli, w porównaniu do grupy młodszych dorosłych, dokonują większej ilości fałszywych rozpoznań oraz są bardziej przekonani o poprawności swoich odpowiedzi. Różnice te związane są m.in. ze zmianami w funkcjonowaniu hipokampa oraz okolic czołowych. Wiadomo także, że fałszywe rozpoznania pojawiają się już parę sekund od momentu zakodowania informacji, jednak wiedza dotycząca wpływu różnic związanych z wiekiem na tego typu zniekształcenia jest ograniczona. W szczególności brakuje badań uwzględniających pewność towarzyszącą odpowiedziom oraz dotyczących mechanizmów neuronalnych leżące u podłoża tych różnic. Cel badań: Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska dotyczy zniekształceń we wzrokowej pamięci krótkotrwałej u starszych i młodszych dorosłych. Jej celem była analiza związanych z wiekiem różnic w charakterystyce fałszywych rozpoznań oraz w mechanizmach neuronalnych leżących u ich podłoża. Pierwszym celem pracy było określenie i porównanie poziomu wykonania zadania eksperymentalnego przez starszych i młodszych dorosłych, w tym ilości fałszywych rozpoznań wynikających z podobieństwa fizycznego bodźca i próby pamięciowej, a także różnic w pewności odpowiedzi. Drugim celem pracy było określenie neuronalnych mechanizmów leżących u podłoża obserwowanych różnic, w oparciu o dane uzyskane z zastosowaniem techniki funkcjonalnego rezonansu magnetycznego (ang. functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI). Metody: W badaniu zastosowana została opracowana na użytek pracy procedura eksperymentalna, spełniająca założenia testów rozpoznania ze swobodnym wyborem, typu "taki sam-inny" (ang. same-different recognition task), przeprowadzonych z jednoczesnym pomiarem subiektywnego poziomu pewności określanego po każdej odpowiedzi. Jako materiał eksperymentalny wykorzystano bodźce abstrakcyjne. W pierwszym etapie przeprowadzone zostało badanie behawioralne na grupie 33 młodszych dorosłych (M 21.4, SD 1.84) i 33 starszych dorosłych (M 60.2 SD 4.54). Następnie, badanie fMRI z wykorzystaniem skanera MR Siemens Skyra 3T, w którym wzięło udział 25 młodszych dorosłych (M 24.2, SD 3.1) i 26 starszych dorosłych (M 65.5, SD 4.6). Wyniki: W żadnym z przeprowadzonych eksperymentów nie potwierdzono większej podatności starszych dorosłych na fałszywe rozpoznania podobnego wizualnie materiału po paru sekundach od jego zapamiętania. Wyniki wskazują jednak, iż, podobnie jak w przypadku pamięci długotrwałej, starsi dorośli są bardziej przekonani o poprawności swoich fałszywych rozpoznań. Wyniki badania fMRI wskazują m.in. na wzrost aktywności przedniego zakrętu obręczy i wieczka czołowego/kory wyspy podczas fałszywych rozpoznań dokonywanych przez młodszych dorosłych, sugerując wzmożoną ewaluację błędów i przetwarzanie niepewności. Podobny wzorzec nie został jednak zaobserwowany u starszych dorosłych. Porównanie aktywności mózgu starszych i młodszych dorosłych podczas fałszywych rozpoznań wskazuje na większą aktywność kory wzrokowej, przedniego zakrętu obręczy/środkowej części górnego zakrętu czołowego, wieczka czołowego/kory wyspy oraz okolic przednio‑bocznej kory przedczołowej oraz zakrętu czołowego środkowego u młodszych niż u starszych dorosłych. Dodatkowo, tylko aktywność kory wzrokowej jest modulowana niezależnie od umiejętności adekwatnej oceny pewności, tj. zdolności metapoznawczych osób badanych. Aktywność obszarów czołowych, a także kory wzrokowej, jest również związana z poziomem wykonania zadania. W szczególności, lepszy poziom wykonania koreluje ze wzmożoną aktywnością przedniego zakrętu obręczy. Wnioski: Podsumowując, uzyskane wyniki wskazują na związane z wiekiem różnice w ocenie pewności, ale nie w poprawności odpowiedzi we wzrokowej pamięci krótkotrwałej. Na poziomie neuronalnym wyniki wskazują natomiast na związane z wiekiem różnice w aktywności kory wzrokowej oraz licznych obszarach czołowych, sugerując związane z wiekiem zmiany w dostępnych reprezentacjach oraz, przede wszystkim, większą sprawność procesów monitorowania i kontroli u młodszych w porównaniu do starszych dorosłych. Projekt charakteryzuje nowatorskie ujęcie problematyki badawczej - do tej pory związane z wiekiem różnice w fałszywych rozpoznaniach i towarzyszącej im pewności były przedmiotem zainteresowania głównie w badaniach nad pamięcią długotrwałą. Niniejsza praca dostarcza natomiast informacji na niepoznany dotychczas temat związanych z wiekiem różnic w fałszywych rozpoznaniach w pamięci krótkotrwałej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem neuronalnego podłoża tych różnic. Praca otwiera zatem nowy kierunek badań w obszarze neuronauki dotyczącym tzw. starzenia się poznawczego. Dodatkowo, ponieważ istnieje niewiele badań dotyczących neuronalnych mechanizmów fałszywych rozpoznań w pamięci krótkotrwałej, niniejsza praca doktorska dostarcza także nowych informacji na temat specyfiki fałszywych rozpoznań we wzrokowej pamięci krótkotrwałej.
Background: Deficits in cognitive functioning become more robust with aging, impacting an individual's ability to adapt to the environment. Taking into account the ever-growing number of older adults in modern societies, research focused on the mechanisms underlying those changes is needed. In particular, considering the crucial role of short-term memory in everyday functioning, the importance of studies regarding age-related differences in this area is highlighted. In the context of episodic memory, older adults, compared to younger adults, are more susceptible to false memories and are more confident of these erroneous responses. These differences are related to senescent changes in the hippocampus and frontal lobe activity. It is known that false memories may occur within a few seconds after encoding, but the knowledge about the age-related differences therein is limited. In particular, there is a lack of research that takes into account the differences in the subjective level of confidence and in the neural mechanisms underlying short-term false recognitions. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the age-related differences in false recognitions in the short-term memory, and in the neural mechanism underlying this phenomenon. The first goal of this work was to determine and compare the performance of younger and older adults, with regards to the rate of false recognitions of perceptually-related lures and the related confidence assessments. The second goal of this study was to identify the neural mechanisms of the observed age‑differences. Methods: The item based 'same'- 'different' recognition task, with following subjective confidence judgements and abstract objects used as targets, was developed to investigate the topic. Two experiments regarding false recognitions in the visual short-term memory were conducted - first a behavioral one, and then a neuroimaging one, with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging technique (fMRI). Thirty-three younger adults (M 21.4, SD 1.84) and thirty-three older adults (M 60.2 SD 4.54) participated in the behavioral experiment. Next, the fMRI experiment was conducted in the 3T MR scanner Siemens Skyra. In this study twenty-five younger adults (M 24.2, SD 3.1) and twenty-six older adults (M 65.5, SD 4.6) participated. Results: The behavioral results of the two experiments did not provide evidence for older adults' greater susceptibility to false recognitions in an item-based visual short-term memory. However, they indicate that, similar to the long-term/episodic memory, older adults are more confident of their erroneous responses. The fMRI results indicated that in younger adults the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal operculum/insular cortex is higher during false recognitions, compared to correct rejections, suggesting an increased evaluation of errors and uncertainty. However, such pattern was not observed for older adults. The comparison of false alarms-related activity indicated the age-differences in activity of the visual cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, the frontal operculum/insular cortex, and areas in the anterior prefrontal cortex and the medial frontal gyrus - the activity in these regions is higher in younger, compared to the older adults. In addition, only the differences in the visual cortex activity are independent of the individuals' metacognitive abilities. Also, an activity within both the frontal brain regions and the visual cortex is modulated by the individuals' performance. In particular, across both age groups better performance, measured by the sensitivity index, positively correlates with the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex. Conclusions: To conclude, the obtained results indicate the age-related differences in the subjective level of confidence following erroneous recognitions, but do not show the age-related differences in the rate of false memories in an item-based visual short-term memory task. At the neural level, the results indicate the age-related differences in the activity of the visual cortex and frontal areas, suggesting older adults' less detailed memory representations and the age-related changes in the involvement of monitoring and cognitive control processes. The conducted research is novel and adds a new insight into the mechanisms of false recognitions in short-term memory in younger and older adults. To date, older adults' susceptibility to highly confident false recognitions was studied in the context of long-term/episodic memory. The obtained results shed light on the age-related differences in false recognitions in the visual short-term memory, including the related differences in the neural activity. Thus, this research stands as a basis for a new direction in the field of the neurocognitive aging. In addition, as the knowledge about neural bases of short-term false memories is still scarce, the current study also provides new information on the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in the visual short-term memory.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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