- Tytuł:
- Filozofia nauki a historia nauki
- Autorzy:
- Woleński, Jan
- Opis:
-
The paper focuses on relations between philosophy of science and history of science. Two models of science are considered. The fi rst is provided by formal methodology (philosophy) of science. It assumes that (1) there exists an eff ective criterion of
demarcation between science and non -science (in particular, pseudo -science); (2) science manifests itself in the same manner in all historical epochs; (3) science as a result
(in particular, a system of propositions), not science as an activity, is the primary
subject of philosophical investigations; (4) philosophy of science concentrates mostly on the context of justifi cation, not the context of discovery. Consequently, formal
logic provides analytic devices for philosophy of science and history has a secondary
importance.
The second approach, the historical philosophy of science (or historicisms in the
philosophy of science), denies the assumptions (1)-(4). Hence, the history of science
is of the utmost importance for the philosophy of science. More specifi cally, history of
science provides empirical data for the philosophy of science. As Imre Lakatos once
said (it is a paraphrase of Kant) "Philosophy of science without history of science is
empty, history of science without philosophy of science is blind". According to Lakatos, a rational reconstruction of the history of science constitutes the main task of the
philosophy of science. The adjective "rational" indicates here that this reconstruction
must be guided by principles elaborated by philosophical refl ection. Lakatos’s own
proposal in this respect is captured by his famous idea of research programs as units
organizing concrete scientifi c investigations and their development. The methodology
of research programs is Lakatos’s answer to Kuhn’s philosophy of science as based on the concept of the paradigm of scientifi c activity accepted by scientists in a particular
period. Lakatos objected that the acceptance of paradigms is, according to Kuhn, too
irrational. In fact Lakatos wanted to combine Popper’s idea of the logic of scientifi c
discover and Kuhn’s historicism.
There are several objections to historicism. Disregarding one of the standard
critical observations, namely that concerning the ambiguity of the terms "research
program" and "paradigm", one can observe that the concepts of the external history
of science and the internal history of science are unclear in philosophical theories of
science off ered by Kuhn and Lakatos. Similar remarks apply to Paul Feyerabend’s
rule "Everything goes" as admitt ing any methodology of scientifi c investigations.
Since the representatives of historicism are almost exclusively interested in the internal history of science, they overlook the external history of science and blame it as
naïve and consisting of popular stories concerning accidental circumstances related to
great discoveries (Newton’s apple or killing of Archimedes). The author argues that
this att itude is unjustifi ed. Clearly, any elaboration of the actual history is selective
and thereby must appeal to some criteria of selection. On the other hand, too excessive
use of philosophy in historical reconstruction converts history of science into historiosophy (speculative history) of science.
Artykuł analizuje relacje pomiędzy filozofią nauki i historią nauki. Rozważane są dwa podejścia do fi lozofi i nauki, jedno reprezentowane przez formalną metodologię nauk i drugie - przez historycznie zorientowaną teorię nauki. O ile pierwsza koncepcja traktuje historię nauki jako niezbyt istotną dla fi lozofi i nauki, orientacja druga uważa, że pierwsza jest kluczem do drugiej. Najlepiej wyraża to znane powiedzenie Imre Lakatosa: "Filozofi a nauki bez historii nauki jest pusta, historia nauki bez fi lozofi i nauki jest ślepa". Artykuł bliżej rozważa koncepcje Thomasa S. Kuhna i Imre Lakatosa jako sztandarowe wersje historycznej metodologii nauki. Autor argumentuje, że są to raczej historiozofi czne wizje nauki niż historie nauki. - Dostawca treści:
- Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Artykuł