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Tytuł:
EUROPEAN UNION AND EUROPEAN GERMANY
Autorzy:
Czarny, Elżbieta
Menkes, Jerzy
Tematy:
European Union
Germany
euro zone
German unification
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/489105.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
We analyze the correlation between the European integration and incorporating Germany into the process of European cooperation. We point out that the European integration after WWII was determined by the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community in the year 1951. This Community made it possible to control the steel industry of the Member States (among them Germany) within the framework of the common market. It was aimed at stable and harmonized development, as well as at preventing an uncontrolled growth of military-industrial complex, increasing the production for the army and decreasing the probability of the outbreak of the next war. Then - after the deepening of cooperation (taking her new areas) – the European Communities (EC) were created. They are still institutional foundations of the EU. One of the main reasons of the EC creation was the willingness to ensure lasting peace in Europe and to create „security community” through a.o. incorporation of Germany into the group of cooperating states. In this paper, we analyze the security system components created (e.g.) by the EC/EU, as well as the origin and changes of their characteristics. We compare the process of German unification (and more general: of defining the German unity, and broader: unity of the German speaking territory) after WWI and WWII. The analysis of similarities and differences leads us to the present stage of the European integration, when the unification of two German states was accomplished for the price of German acceptance of deepening of the integration and the creation of the European monetary union. We analyze various consequences of unification of Germany and the creation of the euro zone. In our opinion, they go far beyond the economic or political ones, and are connected with the EU Eastern enlargement.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cybersecurity in the European Union
Autorzy:
Wołyniec, Jakub
Tematy:
cybersecurity
cyber threats
european union.
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Fundacja Niepodległości
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1047954.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
Because of the asymmetric nature of cyber threats and the dynamics of their evolution, there is a tendency for a growing role of security cooperation activities in cyberspace through joint efforts of states and non-state actors in international relations. New challenges and threats caused by the global pandemic are linked with an increased internet activity. The recent spread of fake news related to COVID-19 illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus might be seen as part of sharp power disinformation strategy applied by state actors. International organisations serve as a forum for discussion to disseminate and analyse knowledge about cybersecurity and the effects of cyber threats, they are at the same time creators of common principles of prevention, legal and institutional solutions, and are complementary to the activities of states in this field. By adopting the regional level of analysis as its methodological perspective, the article shows a natural evolution of cybersecurity means from the time of the 1990s and early 2000s when the focus was set on computer and cyberspace as a tool of serious and organised crime, through the stage when computer crime was endangering cyberspace of the EU Member States, to the period when finally the EU objectives were to achieve an open, safe and secure cyberspace keeping in mind the importance of raising awareness and acquiring skills and knowledge how to avoid or face cyber threats. At the early stages of establishing the EU cybersecurity policy, the documents focused on definitions and identifications of threats and trends. Later stages included organising institutional and legal framework, and setting up specialised institutions, centres and teams. Not only did the understanding of cyber-related issues changed but also the response of the EU to cyber threats. The transition is from the soft law instruments (recommendations) such as guidelines, communications, declarations, roadmaps, actions plans, and strategies towards more hard law instruments (obligations) such as directives and other legislative acts. The character of directives has also changed – from directives on cyber-related issues to those characterised as cyber-oriented, each being more ambitious than the previous one. The complete appraisal of the effectiveness of the EU cyber security policy is impeded by a specific nature of cyberspace and its security, as well as problems with gathering appropriate data.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cybersecurity in the European Union
Autorzy:
Wołyniec, Jakub
Wydawca:
Fundacja Niepodległości
Cytata wydawnicza:
Wołyniec, J. (2019). Cybersecurity in the European Union. Prawo i Polityka, 31-44.
Opis:
Because of the asymmetric nature of cyber threats and the dynamics of their evolution, there is a tendency for a growing role of security cooperation activities in cyberspace through joint efforts of states and non-state actors in international relations. New challenges and threats caused by the global pandemic are linked with an increased internet activity. The recent spread of fake news related to COVID-19 illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus might be seen as part of sharp power disinformation strategy applied by state actors. International organisations serve as a forum for discussion to disseminate and analyse knowledge about cybersecurity and the effects of cyber threats, they are at the same time creators of common principles of prevention, legal and institutional solutions, and are complementary to the activities of states in this field. By adopting the regional level of analysis as its methodological perspective, the article shows a natural evolution of cybersecurity means from the time of the 1990s and early 2000s when the focus was set on computer and cyberspace as a tool of serious and organised crime, through the stage when computer crime was endangering cyberspace of the EU Member States, to the period when finally the EU objectives were to achieve an open, safe and secure cyberspace keeping in mind the importance of raising awareness and acquiring skills and knowledge how to avoid or face cyber threats. At the early stages of establishing the EU cybersecurity policy, the documents focused on definitions and identifications of threats and trends. Later stages included organising institutional and legal framework, and setting up specialised institutions, centres and teams. Not only did the understanding of cyber-related issues changed but also the response of the EU to cyber threats. The transition is from the soft law instruments (recommendations) such as guidelines, communications, declarations, roadmaps, actions plans, and strategies towards more hard law instruments (obligations) such as directives and other legislative acts. The character of directives has also changed – from directives on cyber-related issues to those characterised as cyber-oriented, each being more ambitious than the previous one. The complete appraisal of the effectiveness of the EU cyber security policy is impeded by a specific nature of cyberspace and its security, as well as problems with gathering appropriate data.
Dostawca treści:
Repozytorium Centrum Otwartej Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Northern Dimension of European Union
Autorzy:
Palmowski, Tadeusz
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
Cytata wydawnicza:
Palmowski T.; 2002; Northern Dimension of European Union [in:] New arrangements of socio-economic links in Central and Eastern Europe; Polish Academy of Sciences; p. 111-124
Opis:
The 'Northern Dimension' is a project linking EU member states both with candidate countries (Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) and countries remaining beyond EU structures (Norway, Iceland). This initiative is the common platform for policies and financial instruments for northern Europe linking even organisations and initiatives which are not an integral part of EU. - The 'Northern Dimension' proposed by Finland was a reaction to lack of EU strategy towards Russia. The initiative is for Finland an instrument, which the country tries to use for promoting and securing own interests. Implementation of the project is very beneficial for Finland, a direct neighbour of Russia and the only EU member state bordering with the country. - Relations with Russia are the crucial part of the 'Northern Dimension* and are to strengthen EU foreign policy in Northern Europe. - The project is of great importance to Europe as a whole, which would welcome a stable and democratic Russia. For this reason the 'Northern Dimension' was included into the common strategy towards Russia and adopted in June 1999. - Implementation of the 'Northern Dimension* is in the interest of Baltic countries, which joined the project in December 1998. The project provides another significant integration platform for Baltic Europe. A stable and rich Russia may be the key to full Baltic integration. - Kaliningrad has the opportunity to become, under the project, a model region for close and trustworthy co-operation between EU and Russia. - Poland accepted the 'Northern Dimension' concept and declared readiness to actively participate in 8 main sectors. An active policy approach in this area strengthens our position in NATO and in EU. For Poland it is important that Baltic countries come under European and Atlantic influence. Poland should stimulate development of infrastructure in the region and promote intensified cross border co-operation, which is and important instrument in building trust among the population inhabiting the area. - Inclusion of Kaliningrad District into the project is particularly important for our country as Poland is interested in developing an environment for solid mutual trust in the region. - The 'Northern Dimension' shifts the focus of EU from the Mediterranean towards the Baltic and Barents Sea. - The 'Northern Dimension' project is one of the crucial elements in building a Europe of regions.
Marcin Polom
Koncepcja „Wymiaru Północnego" jest projektem łączącym kraje członkowskie UE zarówno z państwami kandydującymi (Polska, Litwa, Łotwa, Estonia), jak i pozostającymi poza tą strukturą (Norwegia, Islandia). Inicjatywa ta stanowi wspólną platformę dla różnych polityk i instrumentów finansowych, łączących nawet te organizacje i inicjatywy z Europy Północnej, które nie są integralną częścią UE. Zaproponowanie przez Finlandię „Wymiaru Północnego" było odpowiedzią na brak strategii UE wobec Rosji. Inicjatywa ta dla Finlandii stanowi narzędzie za pomocą którego kraj ten próbuje promować i zabezpieczać swoje narodowe interesy. Wdrażanie tego projektu jest bardzo korzystne dla Finlandii jako bezpośredniego sąsiada Rosji i jedynego kraju członkowskiego UE graniczącego z Rosją. Relacje z Rosją stanowią najważniejszą część „Wymiaru Północnego" i mają na celu wzmocnienie polityki zagranicznej UE w Europie Północnej. Projekt ten ma duże znaczenie dla całej Europy, której zależy na stabilnej i demokratycznej Rosji. Dlatego koncepcja „Wymiaru Północnego" włączona została do Wspólnej strategii UE wobec Rosji, przyjętych przez UE w czerwcu 1999 roku. Wykonanie „Wymiaru Północnego" leży w interesie państw bałtyckich, włączonych do tego projektu w grudniu 1998 roku. „Wymiar Północny stanowi kolejną bardzo istotną płaszczyznę integracji Europy Bałtyckiej. Stabilna i bogata Rosja może być kluczem do pełnej integracji bałtyckiej. Kaliningrad ma szansę w ramach „Wymiaru Północnego" zostać regionem modelowym dla ścisłej i pełnej zaufania współpracy pomiędzy UE a Rosją. Polska pozytywnie przyjęła koncepcję „Wymiaru Północnego" i zadeklarowała gotowość aktywnej współpracy w ośmiu głównych obszarach. W interesie Polski leży prowadzeniem aktywnej polityki na tym obszarze, co sprzyja umocnieniu naszej pozycji w NATO jak i UE. Dla Polski ważne jest włączenie państw bałtyckich w orbitę wpływów europejskich i atlantyckich. Polska powinna stymulować rozwój infrastruktury na obszarze bałtyckim i promować intensyfikację współpracy transgranicznej, która jest ważnym instrumentem budowania zaufania pomiędzy społecznościami obszar ten zamieszkującymi. Szczególnie istotne dla naszego kraju było włączenie Obwodu Kaliningradzkiego do „Wymiaru Północnego" UE. Polska zainteresowana jest budowaniem w tym rejonie warunków dla trwałej stabilizacji i umacniania wzajemnego zaufania. „Wymiar Północny" przesuwa kierunek zainteresowania UE z basenu Morza Śródziemnego w kierunku Bałtyku i Morza Barentsa. Koncepcja „Wymiaru Północnego" stanowi jeden z istotnych elementów budowy Europy Regionów.
Dostawca treści:
Repozytorium Centrum Otwartej Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
European Union Funds – Application Perspective
Autorzy:
Dubel, Przemysław
Majczyk, Julita
Tematy:
European Union
European Social Fund
Investments
Human Capital
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/53647994.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
The result of an effective management of the redistribution of European Union funds should be a reduction of disparities between EU regions by guaranteeing their comprehensive and harmonious development and supporting the economic and social cohesion of member countries. A poorly-conducted programming process of financial interventionism, the source of which is EU funds, may result in divergence between regions, the direct effect of which would be their social and economic marginalisation. For this reason, it is important to skillfully manage those funds. The main aim of this article is to present the factors affecting the decision-making process of the use of EU co-financing, and that includes the pandemic as an external variable being a threat to the implementation of investments from the EU’s structural funds. To explain the multivariate associations between explanatory variables and the binary outcome variables, logistic regression was employed. Based on the tests’ results, significant associations were observed between the dependent variable and (a) participation in training co-financed by EU funds, (b) receiving information regarding additional EU funds as pandemic support, and (c) the suspension of planned investments using EU funds due to the pandemic situation. A comprehensive distribution of respondents according to the response categories in the analysed variables within the entire sample (N = 950) was presented. Corresponding associations were evident within a sub-sample (N = 303). The model showed that all significant independent variables explain the use of EU funds, but the model explains just 28.6% of the decision to use the funds. Thus, the following study indicates directions that require further research.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
European Union model of whistleblowing
Autorzy:
Kobroń-Gąsiorowska, Łucja
Tematy:
whistleblowing
reporting
directive
model of whistleblowing
loyalty
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2010002.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
In October 2019, the European Union adopted the Directive on protecting persons reporting breaches of European Union law, commonly known as the „Whistleblower Protection Directive” (EU Directive). The protection of national policies is beyond the scope of the Directive, as its sole purpose is to encourage people to report "breaches of EU law", ie, to strengthen „enforcement of the Union law and policies in specific areas”. The Directive is not concerned with the protection of workers or employees. The Directive treats whistleblowers as an instrument for reporting irregularities. Another proof of the instrumental approach adopted in the Directive is the lack of any financial incentives for whistleblowers. This article's basic thesis is that despite dynamic and multifaceted changes in the economy of individual countries, the accepted model of whistleblowing in the European Union will depend on repeated multidimensional analysis of the principle of the lawyer's loyalty to the organization. The research presented below aims to prove the validity of the adopted thesis.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Indian Perceptions of the European Union
Autorzy:
Jain, Rajendra K.
Tematy:
India’s attitudes to the European integration
relations between the European Union and India
European Union
India
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2091786.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
The study of external perceptions provides insights into how the European Union (EU) is actually judged as an international actor, helps shape the EU’s identity and roles, and shows how outsiders’ expectations and perceptions impact upon the EU’s foreign policy performance. This article examines how the European Union is perceived by India – one of the ten strategic partners of the European Union. It examines India’s attitudes towards the European integration movement, Jawaharlal Nehru’s perceptions of the European Community and the changed perceptions of Europe in India’s foreign policy in the post-Cold War era. It discusses the perceptions of the Indian political, business and media elites of the European Union as an international actor. In conclusion, it discusses what needs to be done to overcome the perceptional differences.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Energy Cultures in the European Union
Autorzy:
Rosicki, Remigiusz
Tematy:
energy cultures
indexes of energy cultures
energy policy
European Union
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/642013.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
The main objective of the text is to present an analysis that points to the existence of special “energy cultures” in the European Union. The comparative analysis encompassing the results of previous research into “energy cultures” employs statistical methods, i.e. a cluster analysis (Ward’s clustering method and k-means clustering method). The main sections of the text address: (1) the concept and examples of “energy cultures”, (2) a methodology of analysis, (3) aselection of indexes characterising “energy cultures”, (4) an attempt at grouping the European Union member states with the aid of clustering, (5) conclusions. With a view to making the research problem more specific, the present text features the following questions: (1) Is the claim that the European Union manifests special ‘energy cultures’ legitimate?, (2) Did the decade of 2001-2011 witness changes in the field of the European Union ‘energy cultures’, as earlier recognised by the literature?
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 9640

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