Autor: Sadowski, M. J. - Prolib Integro

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Preface
Autorzy:: Sadowski, M. J.
Wydawca:: Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146325.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Generation and diagnostics of fast electrons within tokamak plasma
Autorzy:: Sadowski, M. J.
Tematy:: tokamak
runaway electrons
ripple-born electrons
Cherenkov detectors; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146620.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The first part of this invited paper is devoted to mechanisms of the production of fast electrons in plasma experiments involving magnetic traps of the tokamak type. The phenomenon of generation of the so-called runaway electrons - which may reach energies up to several dozen MeV - is considered and basic characteristics of such electrons are described. In particular, the orbits of the runaway electrons and their energy limits are presented. Problems related to the cross-field transport in tokamak plasmas and interactions of the relativistic electrons with plasma oscillations are also considered. Production of the so-called ripple-born electrons, which may be observed in the energy range from approximately 50 keV to several hundreds keV, is analyzed separately. In the second part of this paper various diagnostic methods used for investigation of the runaway and ripple-born electrons are presented. Various techniques are described, which are based on different reactions induced by the runaway electrons, e.g., the emission of X-rays or neutrons, or the synchrotron radiation. Finally, a modern technique of electron measurements is described, which was developed by the author's team at the Andrzej Sołtan Institute for Nuclear Studies (IPJ) in Świerk (Poland), and which is based on the use of Cherenkov-type detectors. Examples of applications of the discussed techniques in different tokamak experiments are described. Particular attention is paid to the Cherenkov detectors, which have already been used in experiments at the small-size CASTOR device in Prague (Czech Republic), the ISTTOK machine in Lisbon (Portugal), as well as in the larger TORE-SUPRA facility in Cadarache (France).
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Important problems of future thermonuclear reactors
Autorzy:: Sadowski, M. J.
Tematy:: fusion reactions
plasma
tokamak
power plant
thermonuclear reactor; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148654.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: This paper concerns important and difficult problems connected with a design and construction of thermonuclear reactors, which have to use nuclear fusion reactions of heavy isotopes of hydrogen, i.e., deuterium (D) and tritium (T). There are described conditions in which such reactions can occur, and different methods of a high-temperature plasma generation, i.e., high-current electrical discharges, intense microwave pulses, and injection of energetic neutral atoms (NBI). There are also presented experimental facilities which can contain hot plasma for an appropriate period, and particularly so-called tokamaks. The second part presents the technical problems which must be solved in order to build a thermonuclear reactor, that might be used for energetic purposes. There are considered problems connected with a choice of constructional materials for a vacuum chamber, its internal parts, external windings generating a magnetic fi eld, and necessary shields. The next part considers the handling of radioactive tritium; the using of alpha particles (4He) for additional heating of plasma; recuperation of hydrogen isotopes absorbed in the tokamak internal parts, and a removal of a helium excess. There is presented a scheme of a future thermonuclear power plant and critical comments on a road map which should enable the construction of an industrial thermonuclear reactor (DEMO).
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: PLASMA - 2011 : International Conference on Research and Applications of Plasmas, 12–16 September 2011, Warsaw, Poland
Autorzy:: Sadowski, M. J.
Wydawca:: Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147842.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Selected methods of electronand ion-diagnostics in tokamak scrape-off-layer
Autorzy:: Sadowski, M. J.
Tematy:: diagnostics
electrons
ions
fusion products
probes
tokamak; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146123.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: This invited paper considers reasons why exact measurements of fast electron and ion losses in tokamaks, and particularly i n a scrape-off-layer and near a divertor region, are necessary in order to master nuclear fusion energy production. Attention is also paid to direct measurements of escaping fusion products from D-D and D-T reactions, and in particular of fast alphas which might be used for plasma heating. The second part describes the generation of so-called runaway and ripple-born electrons which might induce high energy losses and cause severe damages of internal walls in fusion facilities. Advantages and disadvantages of different diagnostic methods applied for studies of such fast electrons are discussed. Particular attention is paid to development of a direct measuring technique based on the Cherenkov effect which might be induced by fast electrons in appropriate radiators. There are presented various versions of Cherenkov-type probes which have been developed by the NCBJ team and applied in different tokamak experiments. The third part is devoted to direct measurements of fast ions (including those produced by the nuclear fusion reactions) which can escape from a high-temperature plasma region. Investigation of fast fusion-produced protons from tokamak discharges is reported. New ion probes, which were developed by the NCBJ team, are also presented. For the fi rst time there is given a detailed description of an ion pinhole camera, which enables irradiation of several nuclear track detectors during a single tokamak discharge, and a miniature Thomson-type mass-spectrometer, which can be used for ion measurements at plasma borders.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Preface
Autorzy:: Sadowski, M. J.
Wydawca:: Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146439.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Important issues in high - current plasma experiments of the Z - pinch type
Autorzy:: Sadowski, M. J.
Scholz, M.
Tematy:: Z-pinch
X-pinch
wire-array Z-pinch
gas-puffed Z-pinch
plasma focus (PF); Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147694.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: This paper is based on an invited lecture given at the 10th International Workshop and Summer School "Towards Fusion Energy", which was held in Kudowa Zdrój, Poland, on June 12–18, 2011. A concise review is presented of the known experimental results on various plasma Z-pinch experiments supplied by high-voltage and high-current pulsed power generators. The most important issues and the most valuable results in this domain are highlighted. A broad class of various Z-pinches is considered, including simple inter-electrode discharges, single exploding wires, so-called X-pinches, cylindrical wire-array Z-pinches, radial wire-array discharges, conical wire-array experiments, and gas-puffed Z-pinches. Non-cylindrical Z-pinch discharges (often called plasma focus experiments) are also briefly characterized. The most important characteristics of each category of experiments are outlined. Particular attention is paid to fusion-oriented high-power Z-pinch experiments and the problems encountered in experiments with various sophisticated fusion targets. The main issues in the described Z-pinch experiments are identified. Finally, new trends in the dense Z-pinch research are described.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Measurements of fast electron beams and soft X-ray emission from plasma-focus experiments
Autorzy:: Surała, W.
Sadowski, M. J.
Kwiatkowski, R.
Jakubowski, L.
Żebrowski, J.
Tematy:: electron beams
X-ray emission
plasma focus
hot spots; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147850.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The paper reports results of the recent experimental studies of pulsed electron beams and soft X-rays in plasma-focus (PF) experiments carried out within a modifi ed PF-360U facility at the NCBJ, Poland. Particular attention was focused on time-resolved measurements of the fast electron beams by means of two different magnetic analyzers, which could record electrons of energy ranging from about 41 keV to about 715 keV in several (6 or 8) measuring channels. For discharges performed with the pure deuterium fi lling, many strong electron signals were recorded in all the measuring channels. Those signals were well correlated with the fi rst hard X-ray pulse detected by an external scintillation neutron-counter. In some of the analyzer channels, electron spikes (lasting about dozens of nanoseconds) and appearing in different instants after the current peculiarity (so-called current dip) were also recorded. For several discharges, fast ion beams, which were emitted along the z-axis and recorded with nuclear track detectors, were also investigated. Those measurements confi rmed a multibeam character of the ion emission. The time-integrated soft X-ray images, which were taken side-on by means of a pinhole camera and sensitive X-ray fi lms, showed the appearance of some fi lamentary structures and so-called hot spots. The application of small amounts of admixtures of different heavy noble gases, i.e. of argon (4.8% volumetric), krypton (1.6% volumetric), or xenon (0.8% volumetric), decreased intensity of the recorded electron beams, but increased intensity of the soft X-ray emission and showed more distinct and numerous hot spots. The recorded electron spikes have been explained as signals produced by quasi-mono-energetic microbeams emitted from tiny sources (probably plasma diodes), which can be formed near the observed hot spots.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Recent measurements of soft X-ray emission from the DPF-1000U facility
Autorzy:: Surała, W.
Sadowski, M. J.
Paduch, M.
Zielinska, E.
Tomaszewski, K.
Tematy:: plasma focus
X-ray emission
X-ray images
gas puffing
filaments
hot spots; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148171.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Soft X-ray imaging is a very useful diagnostic technique in plasma-focus (PF) experiments. This paper reports results of four experimental sessions which were carried out at the DPF-1000U plasma-focus facility in 2013 and 2014. Over 200 discharges were performed at various experimental conditions. Measurements were taken using two X-ray pinhole cameras with a line of sight perpendicular to the z-axis, at different azimuthal angles (about 20° and 200°), and looking towards the centre of the PF-pinch column. They were equipped with diaphragms 1000 μm or 200–300 μm in diameter and coated with filters of 500 μm Al foil and 10 μm Be foil, respectively. Data on the neutron emission were collected with silver activation counters. For time-resolved measurements the use was made of four PIN diodes equipped with various fi lters and oriented towards the centre of the PF-column, in the direction perpendicular to the electrode axis. The recorded X-ray images revealed that when the additional gas-puff system is activated during the discharge, the stability of the discharge is improved. The data collected in these experiments confi rmed the appearance of a filamentary fi ne structure in the PF discharges. In the past years the formation of such fi laments was observed in many Z-pinch type experiments. Some of the recorded X-ray images have also revealed the appearance of the so-called hot- -spots, i.e. small plasma regions of a very intense X-ray emission. Such a phenomenon was observed before in many PF experiments, e.g. in the MAJA-PF device, but it has not been investigated so far in a large facility such as the DPF-1000U. The time-resolved measurements provided the evidence of a time lapse between the X-ray emission from plasma regions located at different distance from the anode surface. The formation of distinct ‘hot-spots’ in different instants of the DPF-1000U discharge was also observed.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: A method of impurity diagnostics in dense plasma systems
Autorzy:: Tsarenko, A. V.
Chebotarev, V. V.
Sadowski, M. J.
Tereshin, V. I.
Tematy:: impurity diagnostics
local thermodynamical equilibrium
plasma accelerator
plasma-target interaction
spectral line; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146854.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The analysis of a plasma impurity composition in many plasma systems (such as coaxial plasma accelerators, magnetic- plasma compressors, plasma-focus devices, and others) is of great importance for plasma physics. In this work we have proposed a new spectral method for the determination of impurity concentrations in relation to the concentration of the main plasma (made of hydrogen in our case). This technique can be used e.g. for diagnostics of a peripheral zone in Plasma-Focus (PF) discharges, where LTE conditions must be fulfilled. Advantages of this method in comparison with other methods, as well as possible errors, are considered and discussed.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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