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Tytuł:
A. Giddensa teoria strukturacji a teoria konstruktywizmu strukturalnego P. Bourdieu
Autorzy:
Turowski, Jan
Tematy:
podmiotowość
teoria strukturacji
teoria konstruktywizmu strukturalnego
pole
przestrzeń społeczna
habitus
teoria praktyki
subjectivity
structuration theory
theory of structural constructivism
field
social space
theory of practice
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1856472.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
The author makes a comparative analysis of the views in sociology of the dilemmas between agency and the social structure that shapes it (in Giddens’s formulation) and on the dilemma between objectivism and subjectivism in approaching reality (in P. Bordieu’s formulation). Both these theoreticians agree in recognizing these dilemmas-antinomies as merely apparent and false ones. Both Giddens and Bourdieu declare abandoning controversy on the „nature” of the individual and society in the form of the dichotomy: agency-structure, or the dilemma: objectivism-subjectivism, and making the investigations of social practices, that is of real social behaviors and agency, the subject of sociological studies. For study reasons they define the individual–man in a neutral way as an „acting subject”, „social actor”, and the social collective–social group, term as a „collective actor” and „group subject”. Analysis of social practices that are ordered in time and space made by Giddens shows that individuals-subjects undertake and reproduce routine and strategic actions and they are guided by p r a c t i c a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s, comprising both knowledge and control of their agency. They monitor their behavior. They (subjects) are characterized by selfreflexiveness (Giddens) or habitus as a set of dispositions inclining social actors to respond and act in a definite way in a given situation (Bourdieu). Hence they are characterized by self r e g u l a t i o n. The agency happens in a certain connection with the structure. The structure comprises a set of institutionalized rules–ways and significant codes of behavior as well as resources, the so-called allocation and authority resources (Giddens) with the help of which the agency is done. Hence agency as actions and structure as „the means” of agency constitute a duality, that is divided only analytically. Duality is the main thesis of the structuration theory formulated by Giddens. Structure in Bourdieu’s formulation is characterized by objectivity; it is interiorized by individuals and is subjectivized by individuals in the course of upbringing and being exposed in the biographical course of life, but then it is also subjected to externalization in the shape of reproduction of agencies, construing new or modified agencies, new forms of organizations, behavior patterns or professed values and recognized norms. These processes or „mechanism”: of subjectivization of objectivity and objectivization of in a way processed subjectivity are defined as „theory of structural constructivism. With a little different understandings of „structure” and in a little different ways both authors solve – as it appears – apparent dilemmas. To define super-individual social wholes in which individuals occur in social life Giddens introduces the concepts of social system and of society conceding the attribute of subjectiveness to them. On the other hand, Bourdieu rejects this definition and leaves the study of the network of relations – various kinds of relations occurring between individuals, that is the so-called interhuman spaces, and of the symbolic fields it consists of, that are various and differentiated spheres of actions, interests-values which individuals enter with an adequate „capital” and compete with one another in the „symbolic struggle” for their interests-values. Authority and subjectivity of an individual. Authority is the domination occurring between people in social life. The sources of authority lie in the differences in resources (of allocations and authority) that individuals or societies-states have at their disposal (Giddens). Authority has a s y m b o l i c character, it is conferred with the help of proper rituals and if it is in some way respected, it derives its validity from that fact; otherwise it is a symbolic violence. The state is a self-validating monopolist of symbolic violence (Bourdieu). In the synthetic conclusion both authors express the view that all structural conditions preserve and respect t h e s u b j e c t i v i t y o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l’s agency, since limiting some they liberate other agencies and make them possible (Gidden), and the habitus gives a possibility of different behaviors in immediate social situations and of recognizing and considering objective historical structural conditions in the activity of social subjects (Bourdieu).
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Proces profesjonalizacji nauki. Blaski i cienie; zagrożenia i problemy
The Process of the Professionalization of Science. Pros and Cons, Threats and Problems
Autorzy:
Turowski, Jan
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1861023.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
Scientific activity, similarly as other kinds of human activity, undergoes transformation into occupational activities. Thus understood process of professionalization bears a multifaceted character. It embraces the institutionalization of scientific activity, that is its evolution from a disinterested teaching carried out by individual philosophers to formally organized research institutes, employing specialized teams, learned societies, universities and academies of science. Knowledge and teaching, as carried out voluntarily and privately by philosophers, become an important and social useful sphere of activity supported and regulated by the state. Knowledge and teaching are in the service to the practice and its needs. As early as the end of the 19th century, and in particular in the 20th century, a research worker found himself under the discipline of a formal structure of an institute, clinic, and university. The pursuing of science became etatist and was brought within the framework of a formalized and bureaucratic organization. The forme philosopher, or later scholar, became a hired, full-time employee and officer of science. The second aspect of the professionalization of science is the division of science in general into particular sciences and fragmentation of each science of a given kind into particular scientific disciplines; thus we have the phenomenon of autonomism of particular scientific disciplines. That process causes an enormous extension and deepening of knowledge, but it also means that the relationships between particular scientific disciplines and the respective fields of reality they study have been broken. The third aspect of the professionalization of science constitutes the phenomenon of differentiation as regards the categories of research workers, and the formation of different social roles that they fulfil. We may distinguish six social roles which have been clearly manifested. In other words, these are occupational groups of research workers: founders of science, erudite persons - critically recreative research workers, experts, counsellors, implementors, and technical workers of science. It is characteristic of science that inasmuch as particular social role of research workers are well-defined, the legal and occupational status of the people of science is, generally, not defined.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Teoretyczne ujęcia problemu integracji grup etnicznych
The Theoretical Conceptions of the Integration of the Ethnic Groups
Autorzy:
Turowski, Jan
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1987200.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
In the practical activity and the theoretical reflection on ethnic groups there appear difficulties connected with the analysis and explanation of the changes they undergo. In order to explain the changes, a synopsis of the research on emigration and Polish colony societies presents the use of three conceptions — theoretical frames (containing o plan-outline of the analysis, on introductory definition of the examined phenomenon) and the basic conceptual categories which help to explain and describe the mutual influences and interaction between the minority and majority groups and among other ethnic groups. There are distinguished here: the theory of assimilation, the theory of adjustment and the theory of integration. The investigators of the Polish immigration to the USA (Wytrwal, Polzin and others) agree that those analytical theories originated in the corresponding periods of American history and ideology, politics in relation to immigrants. But they are still living. The theory of assimilation took the lead in the USA up to the 1980’s, that is, in the time of anglo-conformity. It defines the changes undergoing among immigrants as taking over the values and models of living of the majority group (or so-called native society), and its own, home culture brought away from the mother country. It also implies the loss of identification with the nation of the country of docent (Berry). The theory of assimilation does not fulfill the demands placed by the methodology of every scientific theory. Every analytical theory should be formulated in the way it can exclude ambiguity in describing both the kind of phenomenon in which take place, and the character, limits, the essence and the direction of the changes. Meanwhile in the theory of assimilation, the changes are defined once in the realm of a part, once as a totality of culture, once as the partial, once as the temporal, once as the irreversible, once as the loss of ethnic culture and the acceptance of the majority group culture, once as the creation of modified subculture. The theory of assimilation has not proved to explain the processes of cultural collision an a big scale. The theory of adjustment is also widespread. The concept of the adjustment has been formulated by I. W. Thomas and F. Znaniecki and more closely described by J. Zubrzycki in his research and the book: Polish Immigrants in Britain. The adjustment defines all the interactions occurring among immigrants and „the native society”. The point of it is, that the immigrants make up and agree on their system of values and models of behaviour dominating in the native society. The process finishes either in assimilation, or accommodation or conflict. Another version of the theory of adjustment is the concept of acculturation; it has been formulated by representatives of the cultural anthropology (Capentner and Katz). The concept of integration (Durkheim, Sorokin, Parsons, Landecker), describe the situation of the present culture of the multiethnical society as the mutual infiltration and integration of some cultures of ethnic groups (or their elements) with the culture of a majority group into one complex but more or less coordinated unity. „Integration” is also defined as „a mutual exchange of cultural values” or a mutual infiltration of cultures leading to new cultural values. Integration may occur in various spheres of the structure and culture of a given society. It is not only the process of synchronizing and accordinating ethnic cultures and a majority group, but also that of passive or active participating in the culture of the ethnic group and the culture of the majority group. Not all points are clear in this conception. Anyway, it underlines the presence of the two-sided processes of influencing the minority group on the majority group and vice versa. According to this conception, one may presuppose that assimilation on a big scale has no chance of being, since a majority group takes various elements over from the culture of a minority group, even when the latter dies out. And the assimilation in the strict, and not colloquial meaning of the word, may occur only in the separate measure of an individual. Attempting at systematizing the discussion and the criticism of these conceptions, it must be stated that from the individuals point of view the process of interaction, or cultural collision runs between two extreme states, that is, the ethnocentric monism trough the cultural pluralism (or dualism) up to the other pole, that is assimilation. The socio- psychological situation of the ethnocentric moinsm means that a given individual is unwilling to accept a new system of values and pattern of behaviour, and strictly maintains his ethnic subculture when living in another country. Pluralism denotes a state in which immigrants or their descendants accept both the culture of the native society and the culture of their ethnic group. Assimilation meant a complete loss of one’s ethnic culture and identifying himself with it in favour of accepting the culture of the country of settlement. Certainly it is possible to draw a line at any point on the scale of all these states. One can distinguish at least three levels: high, medium, and low. On a big scale, or in inter — group cources of the processes of mutual culture infiltration, these changes lead to the following states of the ethnic groups: the isolation — in ghettos and on the opposite pole — the dispersal of the ethnic group, but in the middle: the accomodation or adjustment, whether the integration.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Aspekty socjologiczne przywództwa w polskiej grupie etnicznej
Sociological aspects of leadership in a Polish ethnical group
Autorzy:
Turowski, Jan
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1991146.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
In a sociological meaning term leadership denotes those positions or institutions in a given community the task of which is: to fix the aims of a given social community, to set up structures to realize all these aims, control over social roles of individuals and tasks of institutions. Leaders and leadership can be institutional and informal, or according to K. Lewin democratic, susceptible to manipulation, autocratic or according to M. Weber charismatic, traditional, legal (depending on legitimacy of sources of power). Designation of a notion „ethnical group” is twofold. This term can denote an ethnical group in general as a community, latent whole based on identification of people regarding the same origin, efforts to maintain or develop homeland’s culture, ambitions to keep or attain a high status for people of a given nationality in the social structure of the country they actually live. The other meaning of „ethnical group” refers to various unions, associations and concrete ethnical circles. The life of the first generation of Polish emigrants in last decades of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century was focused on local parishes environment with a priest as a functional leader of his parish, ad he also initiated, carried on and ad coordinated or patronized (in most of emigrational circles) other forms of activity. Was a „natural” leader in a whole given Polish emigrational community. Many of them patronized the activity of Polish emigrants in a wider region. Together with some outstanding individuals from Polish intelligentsia they composed the first group of leaders representing the whole Polish ethnical group in a given country. However, Polish emigrational circles underwent certain changes in the course of historical development, forms of leadership were also changing. / Changes of forms of leadership can be presented in a certain scheme - model, comprising the directions of changes, namely, from a model of an individual leader to a group of leaders or whole institutions, or organizations with coordinating aims, from a local leader to a more than a local one, from a leader in general to specialized in a certain sphere of activity (experts), from a personal leader with leadership based on his personal authority to a leader highly qualified specialist, from an autocratic to a democratic leader. These changes have been caused by many factors, the most important of them being: socio-economical rise particularly of the third and fourth generation of Polish emigrants; dispersal of Polish ethnical environment; disappearance of comparative isolation and penetration of Polish young generations into the life of the society they actually live in; decline of some types of organizations and unions of Polish emigrants» demising number of their members or reduction of functions; development of the so called publicity as a new organizational form in which the life of ethnical group can be seen in its structural shape; individual participation in culture becoming more and more universal; former welfare activity undergoing a process of personalization.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ewolucja gospodarstwa chłopskiego w Republice Federalnej Niemiec
The Evolution of Family Farms, in the Federal Republic of Germany
Autorzy:
Turowski, Jan
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1872883.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
The present study shows, on the basis of latest sources and monographies, the evolution of family farms in the Federal Republic of Germany in the post-war period, i.e. the causes and the course of the evolution and the prospects of the family agricultural farm. After World War II the process of technization of agriculture, expansion of financial capital to industrial sectors creating means for agricultural production and food industries gave impetus to rapid changes in farms and social microstructures in the country. The creation of the means of agricultural production and manufacturing of agricultural products and their sale have totally been separated from the farmer and farming. The family farm is becoming a specialized producing unit. Live stock farms (milk cow breeding, fattering cattle breeding, pultry breeding — Futterbaubetriebe) are dominant. Commercial farms directed to vegetable production (grain, potatoes, white beans, corn — Marktfruchtbetriebe), approximately 24% of the total number of farms constitute the next category. The three remaining categories are: perennial „culture” farms — Dauerkulturbetriebe: vine, hop, etc., farms for breeding — Veredlungsbetriebe and combined farms. All these farm categories constitute the so-called „agriculture farms”. Another class is formed by vegatable-horticultural farms devided into several categories in a similar way on account of their specialization. The agricultural farm is becoming a mechanized producing unit. The mechanization is of diversified character and it is applied to production operations and procedures, crops, sowing, spreading fertilizer, soil cultivation, transportation, farmyard activities, preparation and delivering of food, etc. The agricultural farm is becoming integrated into the industrial and commercial system. The processes of specialization, mechanization and integration are accompanied by decreased labour supply, in that a 62% labour decrease among family members and for the hired labour force an 88 per cent and 47,3 per cent decrease for permanent and part-time workers respectively with regard to comparison of 1979 to 1950/51. In 1975 the average employment per 100 ha was 8,9 AK (Arbeitskraft), i.e. labour force items. One AK equals the work of one person aged 16-65 employed throughout a whole year in a agriculture farm exclusively. From the statistical point of view there were 1,2 AK (labour force items) per one farm. The agricultural farm is becoming to a substantial extent a one-company (one- person) producing unit temporally or casually aided by a family member or a hired labourer. The agrarian structure is undergoing transformation. Only from 1949 to 1979 the number of farms decreased 49 per cent, i.e. from 1.646.800 farms to 815.200 farms in 1979. Farms of smaller area disappear, i.e. farms up 20 ha, as well as those o(f 30 ha in the period of 1980 to 1982, whereas the number and the area of farms over 30 ha are increasing and particularly those over 50 ha. The concentration of land as well as the concentration of live stock in animal breeding farms can be observed. The population employed in agriculture is to a large extent two-professional. In 1980 there were 49,8% of the farms in F.R.G. in which farm owners earned outside their farms, their main income being drawn from the farm. What characterizes the situation in F.R.G. agriculture is the decrease of the category of the additionally employed, e.g. in 1966 they covered 25,8% of the farms’ total number in that country. Whereas there is an increase in farms’ percentage in which their owners draw income mainly outside their farms (Nebenerwerbsbetriebe), e.g. from 33,4% of the farms total number in 1966 to 39,3% in 1980. The country population of F.R.G. has undergone the process of feminization and ageing in the post-war period, but they have been cheeked in recent years. West Germany agriculture is characterized by the big and rapid growth of labour productivity and the overall growth of agricultural production in that country. However, the income drawn by the farmer from his farm is still lower than the wage of worker employed in industry. The income disparity is very sharp in comparison with owners of smaller farms having lowest incomes. Therefore agriculture is subsidired in many ways and in various forms. There are three conceptions in determining prospects of the family’ run farm in West Germany. The first forecast can be described as a vision of an individual, modern ever — modernizing family farm. The second conception presupposes the evolution of family farms towards larger co-operative farming associations. The third prognosis looks upon the present stage of development of the family farm as its decline. The evolution clearly tends towards concentration of land and constant declining of the so-called smaller farms and their more and more decreasing number with greater and greater agriculture plots based an mechanization and employment of workers who are not farm owners. Agriculture technology implies the development of great commercial agriculture farms. The fourth prognosis is based on the assumption and on the evaluation of the previous evolution as the one which follows a false direction and it forecasts a return to the traditional farm, modernized and with multi-rotation of crops as well as the one of small area and adapted to ecological conditions.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Patriotyzm i nacjonalizm
Patriotism and Nationalism
Autorzy:
Turowski, Jan
Tematy:
nation
culture
expansion of culture
national ideology
patriotism
nationalism
naród
kultura
ekspansja kultury
ideologia narodowa
patriotyzm
nacjonalizm
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1856507.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
Nations are fellowships of culture that undergo a historical formation. The formation of national culture is a dynamic, complex and long-term process that is characterised by continuity and innovation (contribution given by successive generations). The development of culture is an expansive process. Now expansiveness is an essential and immanent property of culture. Innovations, new elements or changes in culture contributed by its authors may take on the character of creative expansion or aggressive expansion. Creative expansion manifests itself in tendencies and actions performed by members of society with a view to create further material and symbolical values, their dissemination and protection of the cultural heritage of one's own nation. These attitudes and actions make up what we call patriotism. Now aggressive expansion consists in tendencies and actions that are designed to develop one's own culture at the expense of another nation. Florian Znaniecki distinguishes four kinds of aggressiveness: territorial, economical, assimilative, and ideological. It is this aggressiveness of attitudes and behaviour towards other nations or their culture that constitutes nationalism. In the history of the development of culture in particular nations the key role is played by national ideologists – intellectual and political elite – as authors of national ideologies and organisers of social forces that tend to make them come true.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fundatorzy wiedzy socjologicznej o polskiej wsi
Founders of Rural Sociology in Poland
Autorzy:
Turowski, Jan
Tematy:
socjologia wsi
metody badań socjologicznych
rural sociology
research methods in sociology
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1857535.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
The author depicts the research and main works by eminent Polish scholars, founders of rural sociology. The following professors belong to this group: Franciszek Bujak, Stefan Czarnowski, Jan St. Bystroń, Ludwk Krzywicki, Władysław Grabski, Florian Znaniecki, and Józef Chałasiński. Franciszek Bujak as a historian of the socio-economical history of Poland would put more significance on the research on the social rural history. He stressed the close relationship between social phenomena and economical phenomena, and initiated the development of the monographic method of field research. Now, Stefan Czarnowski and Jan St. Bystroń as ethnographers and historians of culture collected unique sources and studies on material, social, and religious culture of the rural population. They introduced and carried out the methods of historical and intercultural comparative studies. Ludwik Krzywicki introduced the problems of the theory of social development and the so-called peasant's question into sociology. Władysław Grabski introduced rural sociology as an academic discipline into university syllabus in Poland. Florian Znaniecki and Józef Chałasiński gained merit for their works of global significance (let us mention The Polish Peasant in Europe and America and Young Generation of Peasants). They also worked out the so-called biographic method of sociological research, applied in various versions in contemporary sociology.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 19

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