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Tytuł:
Evaluating the Extent and Nature of ‘Envelope Wages’ in the European Union: A Geographical Analysis
Autorzy:
Williams, Colin
Tematy:
illegal work
informal economy
envelope wages
tax evasion
European Union
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Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/623733.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
To evaluate the spatialities of the illegal wage practice where employers pay their declared employees both an official declared wage and an undeclared ‘envelope’ wage so as to avoid tax liabilities, a 2007 survey conducted in 27 European Union (EU) member states is reported. The finding is that 5% of employees received envelope wages which amount on average to some two-fifths of their wage packet. Revealing how, although heavily concentrated in a small group of East-Central European nations, this wage practice is nonetheless ubiquitous, the paper concludes by discussing how this practice might be tackled.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Explaining Cross-National Variations in the Prevalence and Character of Undeclared Employment in the European Union
Autorzy:
Williams, Colin C
Tematy:
informal sector
undeclared work
shadow economy
neo-liberalism
European Union
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Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/623773.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
The aim of this article is to evaluate the competing theories that variously explain the greater prevalence of undeclared employment in some countries either as: a legacy of under-development; a result of the voluntary exit from declared employment due to the high taxes, state corruption and burdensome regulations and controls, or a product of a lack of state intervention in work and welfare which leads to the exclusion of workers from the declared economy and state welfare provision. Analyzing the cross-national variations in the prevalence of, and reasons for, undeclared employment across the European Union using evidence from a 2007 Eurobarometer survey, the finding is that undeclared employment is less prevalent and more of the voluntary variety in wealthier, less corrupt and more equal societies possessing higher levels of social protection and redistribution via social transfers. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Explaining The Prevalence Of The Informal Economy In The Baltics: An Institutional Asymmetry Perspective1
Autorzy:
Williams, Colin C
Horodnic, Ioana A
Tematy:
informal sector
tax morale
social contract
institutional analysis
Baltics
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Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/623583.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
Reporting a 2013 Eurobarometer survey of participation in the informal economy across eight Baltic countries, this paper tentatively explains the informal economy from an institutional perspective as associated with the asymmetry between the codified laws and regulations of the formal institutions (state morality) and the norms, values and beliefs of citizens (civic morality). Identifying that this non-alignment of civic morality with the formal rules is more acute when there is greater poverty and inequality, less effective redistribution and lower levels of state intervention in the labour market and welfare, the implications for theorising and tackling the informal economy are then discussed.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mapping the Shadow Economy: Spatial Variations in the use of High Denomination Bank Notes in Brussels
Autorzy:
Dotti, Nicola Francesco
Van Heur, Bas
Williams, Colin C
Tematy:
informal economy
undeclared work
cash deposits
Brussels
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Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/623897.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to map the spatial variations in the size of the shadow economy within Brussels. Reporting data provided by the National Bank of Belgium on the deposit of high denomination banknotes across bank branches in the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, the finding is that the shadow economy is concentrated in wealthier populations and not in deprived or immigrant communities. The outcome is a call to transcend the association of the shadow economy with marginalized groups and the wider adoption of this indirect method when measuring spatial variations in the shadow economy.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mortality and major postoperative complications within one year after vascular surgery : a prospective cohort study
Autorzy:
Williams, Colin
Chan, Matthew T.V.
Montes, Félix R.
Dubois, Luc
Archbold, R. Andrew
Polok, Kamil
Cruz, Patricia
Malaga, German
Studzińska, Dorota
Urrútia, Gerard
Sigamani, Alben
Ackland, Gareth L.
Biccard, Bruce M.
Devereaux, P.J.
Harlock, John
Sapsford, Robert J.
Tittley, Jacques G.
Jacka, Michael J.
Chow, Clara K.
Szalay, David
Szczeklik, Wojciech
Berwanger, Otavio
Górka, Jacek
Cortes, Olga L.
Srinathan, Sadeesh K.
Wang, Chew Yin
Elias, Fadi
Opis:
Introduction: Patients undergoing vascular procedures are prone to developing postoperative complications affecting their short-term mortality. Prospective reports describing the incidence of long-term complications after vascular surgery are lacking. Objectives: We aimed to describe the incidence of complications 1 year after vascular surgery and to evaluate an association between myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) and 1-year mortality. Patients and methods: This is a substudy of a large prospective cohort study Vascular Events in Noncardiac Surgery Patients Cohort Evaluation (VISION). Recruitment took place in 28 centers across 14 countries from August 2007 to November 2013. We enrolled patients aged 45 years or older undergoing vascular surgery, receiving general or regional anesthesia, and hospitalized for at least 1 night postoperatively. Plasma cardiac troponin T concentration was measured before the surgery and on the first, second, and third postoperative day. The patients or their relatives were contacted 1 year after the procedure to assess the incidence of major postoperative complications. Results: We enrolled 2641 patients who underwent vascular surgery, 2534 (95.9%) of whom completed 1-year follow-up. Their mean (SD) age was 68.2 (9.8) years, and the cohort was predominantly male (77.5%). The most frequent 1-year complications were myocardial infarction (224/2534, 8.8%), amputation (187/2534, 7.4%), and congestive heart failure (67/2534, 2.6%). The 1-year mortality rate was 8.8% (223/2534). MINS occurred in 633 patients (24%) and was associated with an increased 1-year mortality (hazard ratio, 2.82; 95% CI, 2.14–3.72; P <⁠0.001). Conclusions: The incidence of major postoperative complications after vascular surgery is high. The occurrence of MINS is associated with a nearly 3-fold increase in 1-year mortality.
Dostawca treści:
Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Artykuł
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