For long time we have asked why Polish school is worse than plenty of the Western world school systems. Teaching programs, schooling organisation, pedagogues preparation or cultural cornerstones of tutoring and teaching are emphasised. Very often everybody contends that Finnish school system is one of the best in the world. The author of this article tries to proof that differences are not so big. The greatest factor distinguishes Polish from Scandinavian approach to students is the lack of school stress. We observe an absence of both the daily and organisational stress of students and teachers. Researches were made in Finnish school during the author’s job at schools in Northern Finland. Researches were led from September 2013 until June 2014 on the probe of 450 students and 51 teachers. Investigations were made by the quality methods like observation, participant observation, depth interview and structured interview. The author describes also the individual approach of teachers to students, which do not make condemning deviation from the normality. In the thesis effects of Finnish kind of students treat by teachers were showed. On the ground that observations are described the increase of creativity, learning speed and effectivity in student’s problems troubleshooting. The writer tries to explain worse results of Polish students in compere to Finnish pupils in the context of school stress in comparison in these two countries.
This Festschrift was compiled to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Finland’s independence. The articles included in this book were written by scholars and teachers based at universities around the world. All of them presented varied themes on Finland: Finnish and other languages spoken in Finland, as well as Finnish culture and history.
Shortly after proclamation of Finland’s independence, Eduskunta became, for the short period of time, the highest authority in the Finnish state. It decided to appoint P.E. Svinhufvud to the position of regent and to invite German prince Frederick Charles of Hesse to the Finnish throne. Due to military defeat of Germany and their erroneous geopolitical concepts both Svinhufvud and Frederick Charles resigned. On December 14th 1919, Carl G. Mannerheim became the new regent. In March 1919 the parliamentary majority (composed of Social-Democrats and Agrarians) agreed on that the Finland should become a republic. On July 19th 1919, Eduskunta adopted the Form of Government, the Swedish-type basic law, regarded to be most important part of the Finnish constitutional regulations.
According to this act, Eduskunta exercised the people’s sovereignty. It performed the main role within sphere of legislative power, although in conjunction with the President of Republic (who was granted the right of legislative initiative as well as the right to suspensory veto). Eduskunta – the unicameral parliament, was elected by all citizens (including women) in general, direct, equal and proportional ballot for a three-year term. The division of powers and the method of election of the President (by electoral college independent from Eduskunta and also elected in general ballot) excluded the supremacy of Eduskunta over the President. The President’s status as the “highest executive power”, his long-lasting six-years term in office as well as the strong personalities of many Finnish presidents (like K.J. Ståhlberg, P.E. Svinhufvud, C.G. Mannerheim, J.K. Paasikivi and finally Urho K. Kekkonen) contributed to consolidation of the President’s position as a stable pillar of Finnish politics. But on the other hand, Eduskunta rescued its powers of the central law-making body. It could not only pass ordinary laws, but, with special procedure, it could also amend or modify the constitutional acts. The ongoing political practice caused, in the situation of some constitutional understatements and, in addition, because of lack of stability of many coalition cabinets, the necessity of several “improvements” of constitutional rules dealing with relations between Eduskunta, the Council of State and the President. The new constitutional provisions (36a–36c) gave to Eduskunta basis for assessment of the Cabinet’s programme, both at moment of its primary construction and when significant reconstructions were on their way to be introduced. They confirmed the requirement of parliamentary confidence both to the cabinet in corpore as well as to its individual members. But due to the competencies and the President’s real influence, Finland remained to be the combination of the parliamentary system mixed with numerous components of the semi-presidential one.
At the beginning of the 1990s, Eduskunta initiated the constitutional reform aiming on re-defining the balance of “powers” and on strengthening of the Eduskunta’s position vis-à-vis the Cabinet as well as in relations to the President. After long-lasting discussions, the Constitutional Committee of Eduskunta decided to merge dispersed (four) constitutional acts. On February 6th 1998 the new (second) modified draft was presented to Eduskunta and six days later it was approved (with some modifications) under the new name of Suomen perustuslaki (Constitution of Finland). The Constitution was voted once again (after the new Eduskunta election) on June 11th 1999 and it entered into force on March 1st 2000. The New Constitution enhanced the competencies of Eduskunta and consolidated its position as the sole legislative (statute-making) organ. The President has rescued his right to suspensory veto, but it may be quite easily turned down by Eduskunta. The President lost his previous competences to appoint the prime minister (transmitted to the Speaker of Eduskunta). The Cabinet (Council of State) must enjoy the confidence of Eduskunta and the dismissal of the prime minister results in the Cabinet’s resignation. Eduskunta has received some new competencies in the sphere of European and foreign policy and, in particular, over the international treaties.
Dostawca treści:
Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
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Artykuł
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Tytuł:
New Phoridae species from Finland Nowe dane i opisy nowych gatunków z rodzaju Megaselia Rondani i Triphleba Rondani (Diptera: Phoridae) z Finlandii New records including new species of Megaselia Rondani and Triphleba Rondani (Diptera: Phoridae) from Finland
HACKMAN W. 1980. A check list of the Finnish Diptera I., Nematocera and Brachycera (s. str.) Notulae Entomologicae 60. 17–48. BORGMEIER T. 1966 (1965). The species of the genus Megaselia, subgenus Megaselia (Diptera, Phoridae). Studia Entomologica , Petropolis 8: 1–160. DISNEY R. H. L. 1983. Scuttle Flies – Diptera, Phoridae (except Megaselia). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 10 (6): 1–81. DISNEY R. H. L. 2017. Systematic review of the European Gymnophora Macquart (Diptera: Phoridae), with five new species. Fragmenta Faunistica 60 (1): 23–46. SCHMITZ H. 1929. Revision der Phoriden. Berlin: Ferd. Dummlers. 212 pp +Tafel I and II. SCHMITZ H. & DELAGE A. 1974. Phoridae. In: LINDNER E. (ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region 4 (33) (Lieferung 301): 638–664. Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. BUCK M. & DISNEY R. H. L. 2001. Revision of the Megaselia giraudii and M. densior species complexes of Europe, including ecological notes (Diptera, Phoridae). Beiträge zur Entomologie 51: 73–154. KAHANPÄÄ J. 2014. Checklist of the families Lonchopteridae and Phoridae of Finland (Insecta Diptera). In: KAHANPÄÄ J. & SALMELA J. (eds), Checklist of the Diptera of Finland. Zookeys 441: 213–223. doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.441.7197. DISNEY R. H. L. 1989. Scuttle Flies Diptera Phoridae Genus Megaselia. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 10 (8): 1–155. DISNEY R. H. L. 2001. The preservation of small Diptera. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 137: 155–159. Fragmenta Faunistica DISNEY R. H. L. 1985. Re-interpretation of the wing veins in the Phoridae (Diptera). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 121: 55–58. DISNEY R. H. L. 1991. Support for the revised interpretation of the wing veins of Phoridae (Diptera). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 127: 73–76. BORGMEIER T. 1964. Revision of the North American Phorid flies. Part II. The species of the genus Megaselia, subgenus Aphiochaeta (Diptera, Phoridae). Studia Entomologica, Petropolis 7: 257–416. SCHMITZ H. 1957. Phoridae. In: LINDNER E. (ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region 4(33), (Lief. 196): 417–464. Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. SCHMITZ H. & DELAGE A. 1981. Phoridae. In: LINDNER E (ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region 4(33) (Lieferung 325): 665–712. Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. DISNEY R. H. L. 1987. Rescue of Megaselia fenestralis (Diptera: Phoridae) from synonymy and its removal from British List. Entomologist's Gazette 38: 13.
Opis:
Eleven new records of Phoridae from Finland and eight new species of Megaselia Rondani. M. confusus n. sp., M. eeroi n. sp., M. horrenticauda n. sp., M. kajaaniensis n. sp., M. miroparaphysis n. sp., M. necrubida n. sp., M. turkuensis n. sp., M. utsjokiensis n. sp. plus the hitherto unknown female of Triphleba aequalis (Schmitz) and Triphleba cumsetae n. sp. are presented. 24 cm
Travel & tourism is one of the world’s largest economic sectors. It creates jobs, drives exports, and generates prosperity across the world. As well as its direct economic impact, the industry has significant indirect and induced impacts. The purpose of the paper is to compare Poland and Finland in terms of the main indicators determining the importance of travel & tourism industry for the country’s economy. The results obtained were collated with the mean values computed for the entire European Union and the world. Data for 2016 were used for all necessary calculations. The relative size of the sector in the Polish economy and in the Finnish economy is considerably smaller than it is in the case of the mean EU country and the average country in the world.
Sieć kolei fińskich (VR) zelektryfikowano stosunkowo późno - pierwsze linie znalazły się pod napięciem dopiero pod koniec lat 60. XX w. (aglomeracja Helsinek). Obecnie z 5741 km szlaków VR, 2619 km jest zelektryfikowanych. Linie kolejowe w większości są jednotorowe. Sieć VR w porównaniu z siecią kolejową pozostałych państw skandynawskich (SJ, NSB, DSB) jest niekompatybilna, ze względu na szerokość torów (1524 mm) i napięcie (25 kV 50 Hz).
The subject of my thesis is the image of the Polish community in Finland, presented by the bulletin of the Zjednoczenie Polskie in Helsinki. The purpose of my study was to provide an overview of the history of the Polish community in Finland, from the first contact to modern times and to conduct research on the Polish community living in Finland that emerges from the Bulletin of the Zjednoczenie Polskie and the definition of the concept of Diaspora. The study used the analysis of the literature available to me, as well as an analysis of the content of the bulletin of the Zjednoczenie Polskie in Helsinki, "Kontakt". I used mainly Polish publications, but also Finnish Internet resources in English. I analyzed, using quantitative and qualitative research methods, 38 issues of the magazine "Kontakt" published in the years 2001-2013. My meeting with the Polish priest performing the service in a Catholic church in Turku was fruitful and contributed to a better showing the image of the Polish diaspora. The interest in the Polish community in Finland is small, which is also evidenced by a small number of publications. Picture of Polish diaspora, presented in the bulletin, is favorable, despite some of the problems faced by this community. Polish community in Finland, in spite of a small number of members, attempts to sustain Polish identity and culture among the members and will remain, due to the influx of new immigrants. Przedmiotem mojej pracy jest obraz Polonii w Finlandii jaki prezentuje biuletyn Zjednoczenia Polskiego w Helsinkach. Celem mojej pracy było przedstawienie zarysu historii Polonii w Finlandii, od pierwszych kontaktów polsko-fińskich do czasów współczesnych, zbadanie obrazu życia Polonii w Finlandii jaki wyłania się z biuletynu Zjednoczenia Polskiego w Helsinkach oraz zdefiniowanie pojęcia diaspora. W pracy posłużyłam się analizą dostępnej mi literatury, a także analizą treści zawartych w biuletynie Zjednoczenia Polskiego w Helsinkach, „Kontakt”. Wykorzystałam głównie polskie publikacje, jednak posłużyłam się także fińskimi źródłami internetowymi w wersji angielskiej. W mojej pracy przeanalizowałam, za pomocą analizy ilościowej i jakościowej, 38 numerów pisma „Kontakt” wydanych w latach 2001 – 2013. Moje spotkanie z polskim księdzem pełniącym posługę w katolickim kościele w Turku z pewnością było owocne i przyczyniło się do lepszego ukazania obrazu fińskiej Polonii. Zainteresowanie Polonią w Finlandii jest małe, o czym też świadczy mała liczba publikacji. Obraz fińskiej Polonii przedstawiany w biuletynie jest korzystny, mimo pewnych problemów z jakimi zmaga się ta społeczność. Polska społeczność w Finlandii, mimo niewielkiej liczby członków, działa na rzecz podtrzymywania polskiej tożsamości i kultury wśród członków zbiorowości i dzięki napływowi nowych imigrantów będzię trwać nadal.
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