Temat: Geneva Convention - Prolib Integro

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: The continental shelf in the law of the sea conventions of 1958 and 1982 and the principal of natural prolongation
Autorzy:: Wasilewski, T.
Tematy:: continental shelf
Geneva Convention; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Instytut Morski w Gdańsku
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1920339.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The subject of the paper is the evolution of the concept of the continental shelf in international law, shown in the context of natural prolongation of the land territory of a coastal state co-creating this concept. The starting point for the analysis are the determinations of such specialised disciplines of science as: geography, oceanography and geology, and in consequence a possibly accurate topographic description of the sea and ocean floor, determination of the most important physiographic zones and of their characteristic features. This, only formally distinguished, but treated as one whole for meritoric and structural reasons three-element sequence, formed in the order: continental shelf in geographic/physical approach - continental slope -foot of continental slope, forms a common topographic feature called the continental margin. However, the reconstruction of the continental shelf concept in international law is not limited only to the description and characteristic of the continental margin in the horizontal plane. Appropriately to the needs of the paper, and to the extent the competence of the Author allowed, the margin is also described in the vertical dimension, i.e. going deeper into the essence of the natural factor, contained basically in the geomorphologic and geologic structure of the main physiographic provinces forming the continental margin. Such a view of the above problem allowed to obtain knowledge of motivations and of various arguments forming the essence and reach of the external limit of the continental shelf in the Geneva Convention on the continental shelf of I958, called further in text the GC IV ( I958). However, most important was to show and prove the thesis that it was the natural factor that dictated and shaped stipulations in international law with respect to the discussed subject, and that this factor played an extremely important role in the evolution and development of the continental shelf concept during the period after CG IV ( I958) was adopted. The principle, contained in the ITJ ruling on the continental shelf of the North Sea that the continental shelf is a natural prolongation of the territory of a coastal state, the natural prolongation principle, was well substantiated by the geomorphology and geophysical characteristics of the continental margin. This principle was also of primary importance for the shaping of the concept of the continental shelf and of its external boundary in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982, called below UNCLOS (1982).
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: The Security Council and the Obligation to Prevent Genocide and War Crimes
Autorzy:: Zimmermann, Andreas
Tematy:: Security Council
Geneva Convention
Genocide Convention
genocide
war crime; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706797.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: This article addresses the question of the obligations of both the Security Council as such, as well of its individual members (including the five permanent members), when faced with genocide or in situations where violations of the Geneva Conventions are being committed, given that the contracting parties of the Genocide Convention are under a positive obligation to prevent genocide and are under an obligation to secure respect for the provisions of the Geneva Conventions.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: The Historical Background as Factor Favoring the Occurrence of Mercenaries and the Contemporary Role of Mercenarism in the Context of International Law
Autorzy:: Ledwoń, Paulina
Tematy:: mercenary
military service
Geneva Convention
armed conflicts; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1832041.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The article analyses the phenomenon of mercenalism, it focuses on the historical background and the origin of mercenaries from ancient times, throughout medieval period to modern times in the context of usage of mercenaries, the forms of military conficts as well as factors favoring their occurrence as warriors. The article describes the most signifcant international legal acts concerning mercenaries and examine the elements of the present legal defnition of mercenary found in Additional Protocol I to Geneva Convention presenting weaknesses of the regulation and proves that in fact mercenary is able to avoid responsibility for his illegal actions.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Ograniczenia dostępu do pornografii w internecie (kwestie braku definicji pojęcia pornografia oraz zobowiązań wynikających z konwencji genewskiej z 1923 r.)
Restrictions on access to pornography in the Internet (issues of the lack of definition of pornography and obligations under the Geneva Convention of 1923)
Autorzy:: Bachmat, Paweł
Tematy:: internet
the Geneva Convention of 1923
pornography
Criminal Code; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2216092.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: There is no comprehensive definition of pornography in the Polish legal system. The legislator only made a fragmentary definition of pornography in relation to “child pornography”. In author’s opinion an attempt to form a comprehensive definition of “pornography” or its semantic counterparts should take into account several fundamental issues, including the possibility to distinguish between pornography and eroticism. Solutions included in the International Convention of 1923 on Combating the Circulation and Trade of Pornographic Publications and in the Criminal Code were based on two non-complementary models of regulation regarding the access to pornography. Due to the partial outdating of reasons underlying the adoption of the above convention, the author of the opinion suggests to consider termination of the convention by Poland.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Children of State Police Offi cers and Soldiers of the Polish Army in NKVD Special Camps
Autorzy:: Fałdowska, Maryla
Tematy:: security
humanitarian law
Geneva Convention
Soviet captivity
juvenile prisoners of war
Katyń massacre; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374902.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The article presents issues concerning juvenile prisoners of three special camps in Kozielsk, Starobielsk and Ostashkov. The author draws attention to the lack of definition of the legal status of minors after 1918, and thus — the lack of provisions on ensuring the safety of children in the international standards governing the treatment of prisoners of war in force during World War II and internal legal acts of the Soviet Union. The article emphasizes that the participation of children in armed conflicts was regulated as late as ten years after the outbreak of World War II in international humanitarian law, adopting on 12 August 1949 “The Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War” (Fourth Geneva Convention), under which children are entitled to special treatment or protection measures. The provisions of conventions protecting children during the war included, among others, regulations concerning the creation of special zones and sanitary facilities, evacuation from the besieged zone, provision of necessary food and clothing, provision of medical and hospital care, education or transfer to a neutral country. The author notes that the Fourth Geneva Convention does not contain a provision on special protection and care for juveniles, and that children during warfare are classified exclusively as civilian population. The circumstances of the Soviet captivity of minors after September 17, 1939, their stay in and leaving the camps, the reasons for selection, after which they were left alive and not included in the “death transports”, described in the article, make it possible to determine the number of rescued and murdered.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: The evolution of the legal framework of the foreigners protection in Poland in the light of international law
Ewolucja regulacji prawnych dotyczących ochrony cudzoziemców w Polsce w świetle prawa międzynarodowego
Autorzy:: Żyła, Piotr
Opis:: Praca "Ewolucja regulacji prawnych dotyczących ochrony cudzoziemców w Polsce w świetle prawa międzynarodowego", przedstawia rozwój systemu ochrony cudzoziemców w Polskim ustawodawstwie oraz zmiany w organach administracji państwowej zajmujących się problematyką ochrony cudzoziemców. Autor ukazuje w pracy zmiany poczynione na przestrzeni dwóch dekad w zakresie problematyki ochrony cudzoziemców, w tym zwłaszcza uchodźców, od momentu przystąpienia Polski do Konwencji Genewskiej, poprzez przedstawienie najważniejszych nowelizacji w Polskim systemie prawnym, przy jednoczesnym podkreśleniu zmian zachodzących w administracji państwowej. Autor potwierdza w swojej pracy tezę, iż Konwencja Genewska w znacznym stopniu przyczyniła się do rozwoju systemu ochrony cudzoziemców, który spełnia obecnie międzynarodowe standardy.
Thesis "The evolution of the legal framework of the foreigners protection in Poland in the light of international law", shows the development of the system of protection of foreigners in Polish legislation and changes in state administration which deal with the protection of foreigners. In the thesis the author presents changes on issues of protection of foreigners, particularly refugees, that were made during two decades after the accession of Poland to the Geneva Convention by outlining the most important amendments to the Polish legal system, while also emphasizing changes occuring in the state administration. The author confirms the thesis statement, that the Geneva Convention has made a significant contribution to the development of the system of protection of foreigners, which now meets international standards.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Inne

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Repatrianci i uchodźcy po 1991 r. w Polsce
Autorzy:: Hut, Paweł
Tematy:: repatrianci
uchodźcy
migracje
Konwencja Genewska z 1951 r.
repatriates
refugees
migration
Geneva Convention 1951; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/473431.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Od 1989 r. zaczęli do Polski napływać cudzoziemcy (Polacy z ZSRR i osoby poszukujące ochrony międzynarodowej). Przyjazdy repatriantów wynikały z solidaryzmu etnicznego. Przyjazdy uchodźców były skutkiem międzynarodowych zobowiązań władz RP. Obie grupy były nieliczne. Doświadczenia związane z napływem repatriantów i uchodźców mogą być przydatne do przyjmowania innych grup cudzoziemców.
Since 1989, to Poland foreigners have been arriving Poles from the Soviet Union and people those seeking international protection. Arrivals of the repatriates resulted from the ethnic solidarity. The arrivals of refugees were due to international commitments of the Polish authority. Both groups were relatively small. Experience with the influx of repatriates and refugees may be useful to adopt other groups of foreigners.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Asymmetric Warfare – Not every war has to end?
Autorzy:: Petener, Zrinko
Tematy:: war
asymmetric warfare
terrorism
International humanitarian law
Hague
Convention
Geneva Convention
Al Qaeda
Islamic State
Daesh
Caliphate; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/576449.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The study of warfare, throughout its history, as well as efforts to legally regulate the resort to war and the conduct of war, were concentrated exclusively on one form of warfare - interstate conflict. Only since the terrorist attacks on Washington and New York in 2001 and the following ‘Global War on Terrorism’ has a discussion on a potentially new kind of warfare - asymmetric warfare - moved into the spotlight. Despite all the scientific attention, the concept of asymmetric warfare remains undefined or ill-defined until today, resulting in a proliferation of its use and limiting its value. Hence, restraint in the use of the term is necessary, in order to reinforce its analytical value and applicability. Defining asymmetric warfare as a conflict among opponents who are so different in their basic features that comparison of their military power is rendered impossible, is such an attempt to limit the term to a substantially new form of warfare, witnessed in a conflict that is often commonly called the Global War on Terrorism. The past two years, since the upsurge of the so-called Islamic State to the forefront of the salafi jihadi movement, have witnessed a significant change in this war. Superficial analysis could lead to the conclusion that the proclamation of the Islamic Caliphate on the territories of Iraq and Syria (for now) seems to have recalibrated this conflict into traditional inter- state war again, making the concept of asymmetric warfare obsolete and diminishing it into just a short-term aberration in the history of warfare. Nothing could be further from the truth. The enemy in the Global War on Terrorism was and remains a global and territorially unrestricted ideological movement whose numbers cannot even be estimated, which fights its battles wherever it chooses to, and whose ultimate goal is the annihilation of the international system of sovereign states, not the creation of a new state within this system. The Islamic Caliphate in its current boundaries is nothing more than the “model Islamic state”, as envisioned by Osama bin Laden in his 1996 fatwa as part of Al Qaeda’s 200 year plan for the establishment of God’s Islamic World Order. This grand strategy is the guiding blueprint of the salafi jihad that is waged against the Westphalian state system in a war that is truly asymmetric. We have to adjust to this strategic asymmetry if we are to prevail in this struggle, fighting a long war against an indefinable enemy on battlefields that are still unknown.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Problemy prawne w dochodzeniu statusu uchodźcy przez ofiary przemocy domowej
Legal aspects of applying for a status of a refugee by the victims of domestic violence
Autorzy:: de Silva, Monika
Opis:: W artykule zostały zaprezentowane wyzwania dla międzynarodowych i wewnętrznych regulacji prawnych oraz praktyki przyznawania statusu uchodźcy ofiarom przemocy domowej. Rozważania zostały oparte na Konwencji dotyczącej statusu uchodźców oraz dokumentach wydanych przez organizacje międzynarodowe, a także orzecznictwie i ustawodawstwie wybranych jurysdykcji. Autorka opisuje przeszkody w nadawaniu statusu uchodźcy ofiarom przemocy domowej spowodowane sformułowaniem definicji legalnej "uchodźcy". Zgodnie z definicją, wnioskodawca musi obawiać się prześladowań ze względu na "rasę, religię, narodowość, przynależność do określonej grupy społecznej lub z powodu przekonań politycznych". Wykazanie związku między państwem a wnioskodawcą, wyłączenie możliwości ucieczki wewnętrznej, regulacje proceduralne oraz różnice socjokulturowe stanowią dodatkowe przeszkody w uzyskaniu ochrony międzynarodowej.
The article presents challenges to international and national legal regulations and practices of granting refugee status to victims of domestic violence. The basis for the discussion are the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and documents issued by international organizations as well as court rulings and legislation of chosen jurisdictions. The author describes obstacles to grant a refugee status to a victim of domestic violence caused by formulation of legal definition of "refugee". According to the definition, applicant has to fear persecution for reasons of "race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion". Demonstrating link between a state and an applicant, excluding internal flight alternative, procedural regulations and sociocultural differences are discussed as additional problems in granting international protection.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Legalność i skuteczność muru granicznego jako instrumentu służącego ograniczeniu napływu uchodźców z punktu widzenia Konwencji genewskiej z 1951 r.
The legality and effectiveness of a border wall as an instrument of reduction of influx of refugees under the 1951 Refugee Convention
Autorzy:: Zaręba, Szymon
Tematy:: mur graniczny
uchodźcy
Konwencja genewska
Konwencja dotycząca statusu uchodźców
non-refoulement
border wall
fence
refugees
Refugee Convention
Geneva Convention; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Opolski. Instytut Politologii
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/547068.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Z punktu widzenia Konwencji genewskiej z 1951 r. legalność muru granicznego może być kwestionowana tylko wtedy, gdy konsekwencje jego istnienia są sprzeczne z wyrażoną w art. 33 tej konwencji zasadą non-refoulement. Taka sytuacja może mieć miejsce, gdy dojdzie do jednoczesnego spełnienia kilku warunków. Po pierwsze, przyjmie się liberalną interpretację zasady non-refoulement, zgodnie z którą wynikający z niej zakaz zawracania na granicę obejmuje także osoby próbujące wkroczyć na terytorium danego państwa po to, by skorzystać w nim z ochrony. Po drugie, wzniesiony mur stanie na granicy z państwem, w którym takim osobom grozi niebezpieczeństwo z jednego z powodów wskazanych w art. 33. Po trzecie, państwo, które zbudowało mur, będzie go wykorzystywać nie do regulacji ruchu granicznego, lecz jako środek mający w połączeniu z innymi praktykami służyć odstraszeniu potencjalnych uchodźców. Ocena skuteczności muru jako instrumentu służącego ograniczeniu napływu uchodźców wypada niezbyt korzystnie. Z jednej strony umożliwia on dużo bardziej skuteczną kontrolę ruchu granicznego i generalnie zapobiega przedostawaniu się osób szukających ochrony na terytorium państwa, umożliwiając temu państwu uniknięcie ciążących na nim zobowiązań, przynajmniej zgodnie z tradycyjnym rozumieniem zasady non-refoulement. Z drugiej strony nie może jednak zdjąć z państwa obowiązku rozpatrzenia wniosków o ochronę składanych przez osoby, które wkraczają na przejścia graniczne lub w inny sposób przedostają się na jego terytorium, przynajmniej na krótko.
As a rule, international law does not prohibit building border walls. However, the consequences of construction or existence of a wall, when assessed from the point of view of some customary norms or a treaty, may indirectly affect its legality. One of such treaties is the 1951 Refugee Convention (the Convention). The analysis demonstrates that it is not possible to call a wall illegal in the light of Articles 26 (freedom of movement) and 31 para. 2 (refugees unlawfully in the country of refuge) of the Convention, since, inter alia, both apply to the people already present in the territory of a given State. The only provision of the Convention which under certain conditions may allow to question the legality of existence of a border wall is Article 33 of the Convention, which establishes the principle of non-refoulement. To make it possible, however, several conditions need to be fulfilled simultaneously. First, a broad interpretation of Article 33 para. 1 must be adopted, which covers also the people who come at the border but have not crossed it yet. Second, the wall must be placed on the border with a State where the life or freedom of at least some of the people seeking refuge in the State building the wall may be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. Third, the policy of the State which has built it must indicate that the State does not use the wall simply as a means of regulation of the mass influx of people seeking refuge but as a preventive measure combined with other measures aimed at deterring the would-be refugees. The assessment of the effectiveness of the wall as an instrument designed to curb the mass influx of refugees is not very favourable. Undoubtedly, as a manifestation of sovereign power of a State over its territory, the border fence allows the State to control its border traffic much more effectively. It also helps to keep a large number of people seeking refugee protection “from the procedural door”, by not allowing them to enter the territory of the State building the wall and preventing the rise of any obligations towards them on behalf of said State – at least according to a more traditional interpretation of the principle of non-refoulement. Still, the wall does not relieve the building State from the obligation to at least process the claims for refugee protection submitted by the people who enter border crossings or get to the other side of the border at least for a short time in another way. Thus, as such, it is not a fully effective measure which would completely absolve the State from any obligations towards the people coming at the border and trying to cross it.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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