Temat: Protodynastic Egypt

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: New Discoveries at Tell el-Farkha and the Beginnings of the Egyptian State
Autorzy:: Ciałowicz, Krzysztof M.
Tematy:: Lower Egyptian culture
Naqada culture
Protodynastic Egypt
Early Dynastic Egypt
Tell el-Farkha; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/484119.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Tell el-Farkha was an important centre already in Predynastic times, when a great Lower Egyptian culture complex was erected on the Central Kom. Items found inside confirmed both the significant role played by the local elite and its relationship with the Levant and Upper Egypt. The first large Naqadian building was erected outside the town centre. This building and the whole settlement were destroyed (Naqada IIIA1) by the next group of Naqadians, probably connected with another political centre. They were the constructors of the oldest Egyptian mastaba. During the reign of Iry-Hor (middle of Naqada IIIB), the third group of Naqadians appeared at the site. The period between Naqada IIIA and middle of IIIB phase seems to have been a period of competition between the most influential Naqadian proto-kingdoms. In the middle of the First Dynasty, Tell el-Farkha changed its role: from the capital of a part of the Eastern Delta to a provincial town of only economic significance.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: New discoveries at Tell el-Farkha and the beginnings of the Egyptian state
Autorzy:: Ciałowicz, Krzysztof
Opis:: Tell el-Farkha was an important centre already in Predynastic times, when a great Lower Egyptian culture complex was erected on the Central Kom. Items found inside confirmed both the significant role played by the local elite and its relationship with the Levant and Upper Egypt. The first large Naqadian building was erected outside the town centre. This building and the whole settlement were destroyed (Naqada IIIA1) by the next group of Naqadians, probably connected with another political centre. They were the constructors of the oldest Egyptian mastaba. During the reign of Iry-Hor (middle of Naqada IIIB), the third group of Naqadians appeared at the site. The period between Naqada IIIA and middle of IIIB phase seems to have been a period of competition between the most influential Naqadian proto-kingdoms. In the middle of the First Dynasty, Tell el-Farkha changed its role: from the capital of a part of the Eastern Delta to a provincial town of only economic significance.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Naqada III pottery in the Nile Delta : a view from Tell el-Murra, Tell Abu el-Halyat, Ezbet el-Tell/Kufur Nigm, Tell el-Akhdar, Tell Gezira el-Faras, and Minshat Radwan
Autorzy:: Jucha, Mariusz
Opis:: This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the materials obtained during surveys conducted in 2008, 2010, and 2017 by the Polish archaeological expedition of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, in the eastern part of the Nile Delta. The analyzed materials come from the sites of Tell el-Murra, Tell el-Akhdar, Tell Gezira el-Faras, Tell Abu el-Halyat, Minshat Radwan, and Ezbet el-Tell/Kufur Nigm. Comparisons were made, especially with the well-dated settlement pottery from Tell el-Farkha. The primary aim was to identify similarities between the data from Tell el-Farkha, considered one of the most important centers in the Nile Delta during the period of the formation of the Egyptian state, and data from the investigated sites located relatively close to Tell el-Farkha. The results of the research indicate a similar chronology across many sites in the northeastern part of the Nile Delta, located in close proximity to one another. These findings demonstrate that this area was more densely populated during the Naqada III period than previously thought and confirm its significant role in the beginnings of the Egyptian state.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Phase 5 (Naqada IIIb–IIIc1) in Tell el-Farkha : the peak of development or the beginning of decline?
Autorzy:: Ciałowicz, Krzysztof
Opis:: The research at Tell el-Farkha provides new opportunities to reconstruct the processes of Egyptian state formation. Seven main chronological phases are distinguished. One of the most important periods in the city’s history is phase 4 (Naqada IIIA–Naqada IIIB; ca. 3350–3200 BC). An administrative-cultic centre, a monumental warehouse, and the oldest Egyptian mastaba were created during this time. The inhabitants of Tell el- Farkha owed their prosperity to the trade with the Southern Levant. During phase 5 (Naqada IIIB to Naqada IIIC1; ca. 3200–3000 BC) several phenomena are evident that portended the gradual decline of the city, eventually leading to its abandonment. No evidence of major storage facilities has so far been discovered at Tell el-Farkha from phase 5, and imported pottery is also absent in this period. It seems that at the beginning of the Protodynastic period the Egyptians gradually abandoned the trade routes running through the eastern Delta and used new ones leading via Wadi Tumilat or across the Red Sea. The engravings in Wadi Ameyra (Sinai) with the names of Iry-Hor, Ka, and Narmer suggest that exploration of the natural resources of the Sinai and the maritime routes to Egypt were highly important. In this situation only a few imported products would have reached cities like Tell el-Farkha, which may explain the lack of both central warehouses and imported ceramics. Natural disasters also contributed significantly to the decline of Tell el-Farkha. The abandonment of the Western Kom, at the end of phase 5, clearly followed a major catastrophe caused by natural forces. The collapsed walls may be the result of this cataclysm. Evidence of a natural catastrophe that struck the settlement at the turn of our phases 5 and 6 can be found at the Eastern Kom as well.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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