Temat: The Castle - Prolib Integro

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Początki zamku w Zatorze. Rezydencja biednych książąt
The Beginnings of The Castle in Zator. Big Ambitions of Poor Princes
Autorzy:: Żurek, Dorota
Tematy:: Zator
The Castle
Duchy
Princes; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wadowickie Centrum Kultury im. Marcina Wadowity
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/458347.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The article discusses the history of the Castle of Zator. Main focus is placed on oldest, and least recognized by previous researchers, part of the history of this building. The origins of the castle are strongly related with the events in the Duchy of Oświęcim, especially with its division in 1445. Manuscript of the mentioned division, survived to our times, and has become the starting point for reflection on the causes, circumstances and opportunities associated with building a castle by the relatively poor princes. While reading subsequent paragraphs we follow the career of the oldest Duke Wenceslaus I (Wacław), for whom, new residence in the capital of the newly created Duchy of Zator was built. Shortly after his death another division was made. This time Duchy of Zator became divided into two parts, designed for four sons of Duke Wenceslaus. Also in this case we are in possession of the original manuscript created in 1477. This document became the basis for the study of the structure of the earliest building of the castle of Zator. Analysis of this description showed that the previously known descriptions of the castle, from this period, contain many inconsistencies. Everything indicates that the original residence was rather modest, partly made of wood. There were located one big chamber, several smaller rooms and compartments. In addition, there were kitchen and hallway. In the earliest period, castle also had a chapel, but as time passed it disappeared. Dimensions of the castle clearly indicate limited financial possibilities of Zator’s princes.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Prace remontowe i konserwatorskie na zamku w Ojcowie w latach 2018-2019
Restoration work at Ojców castle in 2018-2019
Autorzy:: Weber, Andrzej
Bicz-Suknarowska, Maria
Ćwiertnia, Dominik
Płuska, Ireneusz
Wojenka, Michał
Opis:: The article is a short report on the restoration work carried out at Ojców Castle in 2018–2019. The works, conducted after many years of neglect, included the renovation of the gatehouse and the tower, as well as adaptation of the latter for visiting. During the work some extensive architectural and archaeological surveys were introduced
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: ANDRZEJ CIECHANOWIECKI (1924–2015)
Autorzy:: Andrzej, Rottermund,
Tematy:: Andrzej Ciechanowiecki (1924–2015)
patron
collector
the Royal Castle in Warsaw
the Wawel Castle; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Krajowy Ośrodek Badań i Dokumentacji Zabytków
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/433378.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: 2 November 2015 saw the death in London of Andrzej Ciechanowiecki, a historian, an outstanding collector and patron of art, born on 28 September 1924 in Warsaw, founder of the Ciechanowiecki Foundation operating at the Royal Castle in Warsaw (1986). He was a generous contributor to and a friend of Polish museums. For his services to Polish culture he was awarded the Order of the White Eagle, and for his scientific, cultural and social activities he was granted the title of doctor honoris causa of the Jagiellonian University, the University of Warsaw, the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque (USA) and the Belarusian State University in Minsk. As a collector, he focused on gathering the so-called polonica, i.e. works of art, documents and historical items connected with Poland, European modern sculpture and oil sketches, mainly 16th-, 17th- and 18th-century French ones. He was also a renowned expert in modern sculpture and European painting. His achievements also included building up friendly relations between Poland and Belarus, the Vatican, and cultural ties between Poland and Germany, Italy, Great Britain and with the Jewish community. Polish museum centres and libraries abroad were particularly close to him, the Polish Museum in Rapperswil among others, to which he offered numerous valuable works of art as long-term loans and co-created the museum exposition which exists today. For many years he was an active member of the Board of Société Historique et Littéraire Polonaise of the Polish Library in Paris and the Sikorski Institute in London. He was also an originator and co-organiser of many exhibitions prepared by American and Polish museum institutions, including "The Twilight of the Medici" (1974), "The Golden Age of Naples: Art and Civilization under the Bourbons 1734–1805" (1981) and "Kraj skrzydlatych jeźdźców. Sztuka w Polsce 1572–1764" (1999–2000). He was our teacher and a stern critic, he did not tolerate mediocrity, laziness, irresponsibility and nonchalance in voicing opinions and judgements. He always wanted us to match world standards in the field of museology.
2 listopada 2015 zmarł w Londynie dr Andrzej Ciechanowiecki, wybitny kolekcjoner, mecenas kultury, historyk, urodzony 28 września 1924 r. w Warszawie, założyciel m.in. Fundacji im. Ciechanowieckich na Zamku Królewskim w Warszawie (1986). Był hojnym ofiarodawcą i przyjacielem polskich muzeów, za zasługi dla polskiej kultury odznaczonym orderem Orła Białego, a za działalność naukową, kulturalną i społeczną doktoratami honoris causa Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Uniwersytetu New Mexico w Albuquerque (USA) i Białoruskiego Uniwersytetu Państwowego w Mińsku. Jako kolekcjoner skupiał się na gromadzeniu tzw. poloniców – dzieł sztuki, dokumentów i pamiątek historycznych związanych z Polską, nowożytnej rzeźby europejskiej oraz szkiców olejnych, głównie francuskich z XVI, XVII i XVIII wieku. Był też uznanym ekspertem w dziedzinie nowożytnej rzeźby i malarstwa europejskiego. Niemało osiągnął też w budowaniu przyjaznych relacji polsko-białoruskich, relacji z Watykanem a także kulturalnych stosunków polsko-niemieckich, polsko-włoskich, polsko brytyjskich i polsko-żydowskich. Szczególnie bliskie były mu polskie ośrodki muzealne i biblioteczne poza granicami kraju, m.in. Polskie Muzeum w Rapperswilu, któremu przekazał w depozycie wiele cennych dzieł sztuki oraz współtworzył istniejącą do dzisiaj stałą ekspozycję muzealną. Przez wiele lat był też aktywnym członkiem Rady Société Historique et Littéraire Polonaise przy Bibliotece Polskiej w Paryżu oraz Instytutu Generała Sikorskiego w Londynie. Był też pomysłodawcą i współorganizatorem wielu wystaw przygotowywanych przez amerykańskie i polskie instytucje muzealne m.in. „The Twilight of the Medici” (1974), „The Golden Age of Naples: Art and Civilization under the Bourbons 1734–1805” (1981), czy „Kraj skrzydlatych jeźdźców. Sztuka w Polsce 1572–1764” (1999–2000). Był naszym nauczycielem i surowym krytykiem, nie tolerował w sprawach zawodowych bylejakości, lenistwa, nieodpowiedzialności i nonszalancji w wydawaniu sądów. Pragnieniem Jego zawsze było byśmy w dziedzinie muzealnictwa dorównywali światowemu poziomowi.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

Artykuł

na półce

Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Teaching Psychomachia in The Castle of Perseverance
Autorzy:: Spyra, Piotr
Tematy:: psychomachia
The Castle of Perseverance
English drama
morality play; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48811934.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

Artykuł

na półce

Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Kazanie Marcina Lutra na poświęcenie kościoła zamkowego w Torgawie
Martin Luther’s sermon at the aedication of the Castle Church in Torgau
Autorzy:: Sojka, Jerzy
Sojka, Ewa
Tematy:: Martin Luther
Dedication of the Castle Church in Torgau
servir
vocation; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Parafia Ewangelicko-Augsburska w Gdańsku z siedzibą w Sopocie
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/425476.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The main part of the article „Martin Luther’s Sermon at the Dedication of the Castle Church in Torgau” is a translation to Polish of the Reformer’s sermon on the 5th of October 1544 to the text from Luke 14:1-11. It was delivered during the ceremony of consecration of one of the first churches built from the beginning as an evangelical temple. The text of the translation is accompanied by an introduction, which discusses the church in Torgau and the circumstances of its consecration, as well as a commentary that includes the main threads of M. Luther’s sermon, which include: definition of an evangelical service, questions of remembering the Sunday, and the social structure based on various vocations.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Symbolika i znaczenie zamku krzyżackiego w Malborku
Symbolism and significance of the Teutonic Castle in Malbork
Autorzy:: Wiśniewski, Jan
Tematy:: Teutonic Order
functions of the Order Castles
Grand Master’s Palace
restoration of the castle
political references
monument; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej w Elblągu
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2169961.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The architecture of the Teutonic Knight’s Castle in Malbork was finally shaped in the first half of the 14th century. It was one of the grandest aristocratic residences, being the seat of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order from 1309 to 1457. The monumental structure testified to the power of the Order which ruled over a rich territory protected by the Patroness Blessed Virgin Mary, situated on the east side in an external niche of the presbytery of St. Anne‘s Chapel. As each castle, it performed the basic functions: that of an abbey, a strategic function of a fortress and an economic management centre. As the residence of the Grand Master it was also the capital of the monastic state. Malbork, because of the relics that were kept there, especially those of the Holy Cross, was also a pilgrimage centre. After a few centuries and the partition in 1772, when it was the venue of the homage paid by the people to the Prussian king, the Malbork Castle became more and more politicised, by linking its old Teutonic past with the current political situation in Germany, emphasizing the merits of the Order in the propagation of the German culture in this area and the Germanity of these territories, although Nazi authorities considered they should be connected only where their relics remained, such as the Castle in Malbork. The last time it became a political symbol of “the German survival power” was when it was announced a stronghold during the battles about Malbork and the castle during World War II. By abandoning and getting rid of political determinants, which distorted the truth, the International Historical Commission initiated work on a reliable and objective presentation of the history of the presence of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia. All politicised for contemporary purposes was abandoned, “considering the Teutonic Order more comprehensively than before, not only in the context of the history of Prussia. This was certainly a result of border changes after 1945, but also – hopefully – a result of common sense”. (H. Boockmann).
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: A Cognitive Poetic Approach to Paratext: Horace Walpole’s Prefaces to The Castle of Otranto. A Gothic Story
Autorzy:: Kędra-Kardela, Anna
Tematy:: cognitive poetics
paratext
Ronald W. Langacker
ntersubjectification
Current Discourse Space
Horace Walpole
The Castle of Otranto; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/579010.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Based on an analysis of two Prefaces to Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto. A Gothic Story, the paper offers a cognitive poetics view of paratext, a literary device defined by Genette as “a threshold of interpretation”. Viewed as a symptom of the author’s presence “with-in” and “with-out” text, paratextual information is held to play an important role in text interpretation. It is claimed that a literary work’s interpretation is a result of the speaker/author – hearer/reader meaning negotiation which takes place in the Current Discourse Space (Langacker 2008) and involves intersubjectification, a cognitive process referred to by Langacker as “apprehension of other minds” (Langacker 2007).
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Życie prywatne Jadwigi Andegaweńskiej i Władysława II Jagiełły
The private life of Hedwig Anjou and Wladyslaw Jagiello.
Autorzy:: Skrzela, Małgorzata
Opis:: The present thesis presents the private life of Hedwig Anjou (1384 – 1399) and Wladyslaw Jagiello (1386 – 1434). It contains four chapters, each of which describes a separate elements of the royal daily life. The first chapter, titled "The marriage of Hedwig and Jagiello" addresses the issue of historical background of Polish succession after the death of Louis of Hungary, the arrival of Hedwig to Krakow, the coronation of Hedwig and Jagiello and their marriage. The second capter – " Daily life of the Wawel's Mansion” is a description of daily life on the Wawel's hill. Shows the form of courtly manners, games, favorite activities of the king and queen, preparing meals and principles of its consumption. The third part of the thesis titled "The material culture of the royal court environment" is focused on the Wawel Castle as the seat of Hedwig and Jagiello. It is also concentrated on the appearance of the royal apartments, on the royal clothing and the hygiene care of the royal couple. “Spiritual and intelectual life of Hedwig and Jagiello” as the last capture, presents a wealth of spiritual and intellectual life of the king and queen. Summary as the result of the considerations presented in the dissertation ends all thesis.
W niniejszej pracy magisterskiej, zostało przedstawione życie prywatne Jadwigi Andegaweńskiej (1384 – 1399) i Władysława Jagiełły (1386 – 1434). Obejmuje ona cztery rozdziały. Każda część opisuje oddzielny element królewskiej codzienności. Pierwszy rozdział zatytułowany „Małżeństwo Jadwigi i Jagiełły”, porusza kwestie dotyczące tła historycznego sukcesji polskiej po śmierci Ludwika Węgierskiego, przybycia Andegawenki do Krakowa, koronacji Jadwigi i Jagiełły oraz ich małżeństwa. Rozdział drugi pt. „Życie codzienne wawelskiego dworu” stanowi opis codziennego życia na wawelskim wzgórzu. Informuje o formach etykiety dworskiej, zabawach, ulubionych zajęciach króla i królowej, przygotowywanych posiłkach i zasadach ich spożywania. Trzecia część pracy zatytułowana „Materialna kultura środowiska dworskiego” skupia uwagę na Wawelu jako siedzibie Jadwigi i Jagiełły, wyglądzie apartamentów królewskich, a także ubiorach i przestrzeganiu higieny dworskiej. Ostatni rozdział pracy noszący tytuł „Życie duchowe i intelektualne Jadwigi i Jagiełły” przedstawia bogactwo życia duchowego i intelektualnego Andegawenki i Litwina. Całość pracy kończy podsumowanie wynikające z przedstawionych w pracy rozważań.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Inne

na półce

Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Sąd wyższy prawa niemieckiego na zamku w Lublinie w pierwszej połowie XV w. – skład osobowy
Autorzy:: Sochacka, Anna
Tematy:: history of the judiciary
German law
the castle in Lublin
small nobility
village leaders
historia sądownictwa
prawo niemieckie
zamek w Lublinie
drobna szlachta
sołtysi
wójtowie; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/607599.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The higher courts of German law, sitting at royal castles, appointed by the monarch or its starosts to settle disputes relating to village heads and mayors, were made up of eight people: the chairman of this group of landlords and seven lay members recruited from the village heads and mayors of neighbouring towns under German law. The composition of such a court sitting in the Lublin Castle is known from the notes dated 1415–1416 and 1445–1448. They show that the rules of appointing the aforementioned jurors have changed in the course of that time – persons discharging municipal offices in private property have disappeared, the committee has been limited only to royal managers, which can be seen as a weakening of the position of mayors and mayors in noble and church properties, but it may also be a sign of the limitations of the jurisdiction of the court, limiting its jurisdiction to the function of the court of law for royal estates. The castle court in Lublin was mainly composed of representatives of small nobility, often belonging to the clients of local officials; only one mayor (sołtys) sitting in it was a peasant. For poor noblemen, the possession of village councils, and especially the distinction, which was the appointment in the court in question, protected against further pauperization, and in a few cases led to holding lower offices (managers of royal mills, burgrave, bailiff and podpisek of land court, podpisek of magistrate court), and allowed the peasant to get membership in the nobility.
Sądy wyższe prawa niemieckiego obradujące na zamkach królewskich, powoływane przez monarchę lub jego starostów dla rozstrzygania sporów odnoszących się do sołectw i wójtostw, tworzyło osiem osób: przewodniczący temu gremium landwójt i siedmiu ławników, rekrutujących się spośród sołtysów i wójtów okolicznych miejscowości lokowanych na prawie niemieckim. Skład takiego sądu zasiadającego na zamku lubelskim znamy z zapisek z lat 1415–1416 oraz 1445–1448. Wynika z nich, że zmianie uległy wówczas zasady powoływania wspomnianych ławników – zniknęły osoby sprawujące urzędy sołeckie w dobrach prywatnych oraz ograniczono gremium sądzące wyłącznie do zarządców królewszczyzn, co można uznać za przejaw słabnięcia pozycji sołtysów i wójtów w dobrach szlacheckich i kościelnych, ale też może za ślad ograniczenia kompetencji sądu, zawężenia jego właściwości do funkcji sądu leńskiego dla majątków królewskich. Sąd zamkowy w Lublinie tworzyli głównie przedstawiciele drobnej szlachty, często zaliczający się do klienteli lokalnych urzędników; tylko jeden zasiadający w nim sołtys był kmieciem. W przypadku ubogich szlachciców posiadanie sołectw – a zwłaszcza wyróżnienie, jakim było powołanie w skład omawianego sądu – zabezpieczało przed dalszą pauperyzacją, a nawet w kilku przypadkach prowadziło do osiągnięcia niższych urzędów (zarządcy młynów królewskich, burgrabiego, komornika i podpiska sądu ziemskiego, podpiska sądu grodzkiego), kmieciowi zaś umożliwiło awans do stanu szlacheckiego.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Raport o sądowych morderstwach
Judicial Murders: a Report
Autorzy:: Kielasiński, Marek
Tematy:: sądowe morderstwa
Zamek Lubelski
żołnierze Armii Krajowej
judicial murders
the Lublin castle
Home Army soldiers; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699044.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The Lublin castle has historical connections with the old town area. The castle hill was the seat of a stronghold and residence of the starost who ruled in the king’s name. Excavations led to discovery of traces of a 9th century settlement. The construction of a stone castle began in the 14th century. It was used as a prison in the 19th century and until 1954. In 1939‒1944, the Lublin Castle housed a prison of the Nazi secret police and security service, the Sicherheitsdienstpolizei and Sicherheitsdienst Lublin. The role of the Lublin Castle prison was particularly dreadful; dring the period of martyrdom and extermination of the Polish nation under the Nazi occupation of Poland. Even today, the castle is treated as a national symbol of the heroism and suffering of the Polish nation. Before they took flight, the Nazis organized a last execution on Jury 22, 1944: 286 prisoners were murdesed in the Castle. On that same day and on July 20, 1944, a further 800 prisoners were taken from the castle and executed at the concentration camp in Majdanek, a suburb of Lublin. On July 22, 1944, of the Polish Committee for National Liberation (PKWN) was created under Soviet pressure. It assumed power over the territory of Poland which had been taken by the Red Army after the flight of the Nazis. Organized armed forces known as the Home Army, ‒ operated in Poland troughout the war. They were subordinate to the Polish Government in Exile, residing in England. The Government in Exile was recognized by all counties except the USSR. Home Army troops refused to submit to the Red Army and PKWN. For this reason, the Soviet and Polish army, together with security services, started to disarm the Home Army troop. Mass arrests and deportations into the USSR began. A number of Home Army units were disarmed, among them the famous 27th Infantry Division. Troughoot the Lublin District, mass arrests of Home Army soldiers took place. The detainees were sent to the former concentration camp in Majdanek and the Lublin Castle prison. Arrested were also state oflicials ‒ delegates of the Polish Government in London. The Commander of the Home Army Lublin District, General Kazimierz Tumidajski, was detained during negotiations with Soviet authorities and deported to the USSR. Home Army soldiers who had been arrested and confined to Polish prisons, were subjected to investigations by the Soviet and Polish security service which involved the use of threats and a variety of tortures. Describing his ordeal, one of the prisoners stated he could not relate “all the atrocities” he had suffered from Soviet officers. The detained soldiers received no medical assistance; those who managed to survive the Castle prison nightmare described the appearance of battered Home Army soldiers and related their complaints. During the initial period discussed in this report, most Home Army soldiers were arrested by Soviet authorities without due judicial decision. They were interrogated in Russian, a language they did not speak. It was only 2 or 3 months later that the detainees were handed over to Polish authorities. Only then, Polish prosecutors issued formal decisions to remand them in custody, and the records of selected hearings were translated into Polish. The evidence gathered by Soviet security officers provided the grounds for indictments directed to military courts that operated in Lublin. III. In 1944, the indictments signed by Polish military prosecutors were lodged with the Military Court of the Lublin Garrison, commanded by a Soviet officer, Colonel Konstantin Krukovsky. Preceding the first-instance hearing was a closed sitting where the court, composed of three judges, confirmed the indictment; the trial followed on that same day. The copy the indictment was delivered to the detainee only after the hearing had started. The main charges contained in indictments were: membership in the Home Army, unlicensed possession of firearms, or evasion of military service ‒ acts threatened with capital punishment. There is evidence to show that the actual penalties were decided upon by the Mi1itary Courts Department of the Polish Army, headed by a Soviet ofIicer, Brigadier General Alexander Tarnovsky. The execution of the orders was the responsibility of the head of the court, Colonel Krukovsky, and the judges presiding over the case. In none of the cases did the Lublin Garrison Military Court took any evidence whatsover, whether on motion of the defendant or on its own initiative. The only hearing of evidence consisted of hearing the defendant’s statement; the defendants admitted their membership of the Home Army but refused to acknowledge any guilt. The various formulations they used were then quoted out of context to prove they had in fact been guilty of trying to subvert democratic system of Poland ‒ an assumption made well in advance. The trials were held at the Lublin Castle prison. They were closed sittings in which neither the counsel for the defence nor the prosecutor participated. The defendant’s family were not informed about the date of the trial as they knew nothing about his fate anyway, and the defendant himself did not learn about the trial until it started. Unqualified persons participated in deciding on conviction and sentence, or the court was formed inadequately. For example, the principle that the lay judges’ rank should not be lower than the defendant’s was commonly infringed upon. A glaring example of such infringement was the case of Colonel Edward Jasiński who was convicted by N.C.O. lay judges. Delivering the judgment, the court informed the defendant that the decision was final and not subject to appeal. Most defendants were sentenced to death. Many meritorious Home Army soldiers who had fought for independence throughout the Nazi occupation met death this way. The sentences were carried out upon confirmation by the Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Army (at that time, General Michał Rola-Żymierski) or his second in command (Generals Świerczewski and Berling), and sometimes by lower rank commanders. They were obliged to examine the justification of the sentences ex officio; they also had the right to grant pardon. Confirmation of the sentence and pardon were two separate institutions of the law of criminal procedure; thus pardon could be granted even if the sentence had been confirmed. In practice, no rules whatsoever were observed: confirmed sentences were carried out without pardon proceedings, or following such proceedings but without the proceedings aimed at review of the grounds. It should be added that under the law in force, pardon could only be refused by the President of the National People’s Council, Bolesław Bierut, while the army commanders had merely the right to grant pardon. In fact, they also refused pardon on numerous occasions. In practice, sentences were carried out basied on the order of Brigadier General Alexander Tarnovsky who informed the head of military court about the decision of Commander-in-Chief and ordered the need for immediate execution. Capital punishment was executed at the Castle prison, in the basement of the administration building, at various hours of day and night. The Report quotes the account of an execution provided by a surviving Lublin physician, and a numer of facts which, together with the now available reports from executions, tell about the identity of their participants. The grim record holders are two sergeants: within 50 minutes, one of them participated in the execution of 11, and the other one – of 12 Home Army soldiers. Until January 5, 1945, the bodies of the executed were secretly buried at a Lublin cemetery upon written of the prison warden Second Lieutenant Alojzy Stolarz; the orders have been preserved in the cemetery archives. There is no mention at all about subsequent burials although – as follows from the attached documents – Home Army soldiers were still executed at the Castle after that date. The soldiers kept on their dignity till the end; scant accounts of their demeanour were provided by prison chaplains, the only persons the convict’s family about hos death. Throughout both the preparatory and the judicial proceedings, valid legal provisions were violated. The system of military penal law contained provisions dating from the 1930’s and not yet quashed at the time of examination of the discussed cases. Such provisions were simply treated as non-existent. The Code of Criminal Procedure and the Military Code of the Polish Armed Forces in USSR, developed by the Political and Educational Board of the Polish Army in the USSR established in 1943 was adopted as the legal grounds for proceedings. As shown by the facts quoted in this report, the summary procedure was applied to defendants. It was provided for by the code of criminal procedure of the Polish Armed Forces in the USSR, but military courts competed with each other in breaking the law to the extent of not even observing the law that had been established in the USSR. Under the law then in force, none of the sentences discussed in the report ever became final and valid. Judicial proceedings glaringly infringed on all the principles of procedure: direct examination of evidence, impartiality, presumption of innocence, openness, adversary trial, right to defence, to appeal, and the right to apply for pardon. The Home Army soldiers mentioned in the report were convicted in defiance with the ban on retroactive force of law as the decree on protection of state under which they were tried had entered into force on November 4, 1944 with the binding force since August 15, 1944; most had been imprisoned for many weeks before the decree was actually introduced. VII. The extermination of Home Army soldiers at the Lublin Castle was kept secret for decades. Many attempts at revealing the tragic events failed, and the demands for posthumous acquittal, made by families of the executed, were rejected. It was only after June 4, 1989, as a result of extraordinary appeals or re-institution of proceedings, that the Supreme Court passed many decisions on acquittal, manifesting not only the groundlessness of convictions but also their function as a political disposal of opponents of the new authority – of the Home Army formed by the legitimate Polish Government to fight the Nazi invaders. The enormity of lawlessness of the discussed practices made the Parliament of Republic of Poland pass, on February 23, 1991, an act on the invalidity of the judgments in cases of persons victimized for their activities on behalf of a sovereign Polish state.
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