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Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 602
Tytuł:
The influence of water on various clay rocks
Autorzy:
Goc, A.
Wojtasiak, P.
Piotrowski, J.
Stec, M.
Tematy:
swelling
clay rocks
clay
shale
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/298878.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
One of the challenges of any laboratory dealing with drilling fluids is to develop a mud that is also environmentally friendly and, on the other hand, inhibits the clay layers to a maximum. The article presents the influence of water on various samples of clay rocks characterized by different geological age. The research was carried out using the Linear Swelling Meter. The geological age, the environment in which the clay rock was formed, the depth of burial – all these factors affect the swelling properties of individual clay rocks. Knowledge of the swelling properties of clay rocks allows the proper selection of drilling fluid system.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mechanical dispersion of clay from soil into water: readily-dispersed and spontaneously-dispersed clay
Autorzy:
Czyz, E.A.
Dexter, A.R.
Tematy:
mechanical dispersion
clay
soil
water
readily-dispersed clay spontaneously-dispersed clay
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Agrofizyki PAN
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24323.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
A method for the experimental determination of the amount of clay dispersed from soil into water is described. The method was evaluated using soil samples from agricultural fields in 18 locations in Poland. Soil particle size distributions, contents of organic matter and exchangeable cations were measured by standard methods. Sub-samples were placed in distilled water and were subjected to four different energy inputs obtained by different numbers of inversions (end-over-end movements). The amounts of clay that dispersed into suspension were measured by light scattering (turbidimetry). An empirical equation was developed that provided an approximate fit to the experimental data for turbidity as a function of number of inversions. It is suggested that extrapolation of the fitted equation to zero inversions enables the amount of spontaneously-dispersed clay to be estimated. This method introduces the possibility of replacing the existing subjective, qualitative method of determining spontaneously-dispersed clay with a quantitative, objective method. Even though the disper-sed clay is measured under saturated conditions, soil samples retaina ‘memory’ of the water contents at which they have been stored.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The influence of alkali concentration and temperature on chemical activation of halloysite
Autorzy:
Maziarz, P.
Tematy:
clay mineral
adsorption
structure
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/184280.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
The influence of alkali activation on clay minerals is not thoroughly investigated, particularly in terms of its impact on adsorption possibilities of clay minerals. One of the studied applications of base treated clay minerals was to control sustained drug release (Wang et al. 2013). Based on the recent studies, the base treatment can cause changes in structure, texture, and morphology of clay minerals. These changes are related to partial dissolution of layered structure and subsequent release of Si and Al to the solution (White et al. 2012, Yuan et al. 2015). This modification can be especially promising in case of halloysite, which is a clay mineral revealing unique nanoscale tubular morphology. Previous studies indicate that selective dissolution of halloysite’s aluminosilicate layers can lead to opening of the tubes interior (lumen) (Wang et al. 2013). This type of structural alteration can influence utilization possibilities of halloysite. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate the influence of alkali concentration and reaction temperature on the halloysite structure. The halloysite used in the studies came from Polish deposit located in Dunino, near Legnica (SW Poland) which is constantly exploited. The base activation was carried out using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Firstly, the effect of NaOH concentration on activation efficiency was investigated. The experiments were carried out for the concentration range from 0.01 to 5.0 mol/L at room temperature. Additionally, for the 1.0 mol/L concentration the experiments were performed at temperatures of 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C and 90°C. the suspensions consisting of 2 g of halloysite and 50 mL of appropriate solution were mixed for 24 h using magnetic stirrer. Subsequently, the samples were washed with water and dried at 60°C. The prepared materials were characterized using XRD and FTIR methods. The IR results revealed that the concentrations of NaOH below 5 mol/L at room temperature did not cause significant changes in spectra of the tested samples. However, the results of experiments carried out in the temperature range from 60°C to 90°C showed that the temperature of the suspension can significantly affect the alkali activation. Based on the IR spectra the reaction at 50°C did not alter the structure of halloysite, in contrast to 60°C, 70°C, 80°C and 90°C temperatures. The changes of relative intensities of the bands associated with inner surface hydroxyls were observed in the 3700–3600 cm −1 region. These results suggest a gradual removal of inner surface hydroxyls, with the temperature increase. The results also indicated a gradual increase of intensity and broadening of the band with the maximum at 3430 cm −1 and 1647 cm −1 which were attributed to H–O–H stretching and bending vibrations of adsorbed water, respectively. It can be also observed that base treatment at higher temperature also caused structural changes within the aluminosilicate framework of halloysite. The frequency shift and broadening of bands assigned to Si-O-Si stretching (1033 cm −1 , 1008 cm −1 ) and bending (54 0 cm −1 ) vibrations were observed. The perturbations and/or removal of Al-O-H was confirmed by the decrease of bands intensity assigned to bending vibrations at 936 cm −1 and 914 cm −1 The higher temperatures resulted in an appearance of new bands at 1470 cm −1 and 1400 cm −1 associated with carbonates. These bands become more evident with the increase in temperature. The XRD results indicated the formation of additional crystalline phases: sodium aluminum silicate, hydrated sodium carbonates and sodium aluminum carbonate silicate. The presence of carbonates in the samples was confirmed also by FTIR spectra. It was suspected that the presence of carbonate may be related to uptake of atmospheric CO 2 and its reaction with NaOH in accordance with earlier reports by Slaty et al. (2013) and Aldabsheh et al. (2015). The results of this work suggest that different variations of the activation conditions should be examined, to find the optimal temperature for alkaline treatment that leads to an increase in the lumen diameter of halloysite, but does not affect the mineral morphology.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Clay-organic complexes in a Polish loess soil
Autorzy:
A. Czyż, Ewa
Rejman, Jerzy
R. Dexter, Anthony
Jadczyszyn, Jan
Rafalska-Przysucha, Anna
Stanek-Tarkowska, Jadwiga
Tematy:
carbon sequestration
clay dispersion
complexed organic matter
non-complexed clay
strip tillage
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Agrofizyki PAN
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/973053.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
Complexes formed between clay and soil organic matter are important for carbon sequestration and for soil physical quality. Here, we use samples of loessial soil from South-East Poland to explore the phenomenon of complexing in loess. Soil samples were collected from a single catchment 8 years after the introduction of strip tillage and their compositions were characterized by traditional methods. Complexing was characterized in terms of the content of non-complexed clay which was estimated in two ways: firstly, by measurement of the content of readily-dispersible clay (which was assumed to be the non-complexed clay); and secondly, by calculation using algorithms that had been developed and evaluated previously. The calculations were based on the concept that, at carbon saturation, the clay/organic carbon mass ratio is equal to n. The calculations were done with a range of values of n. It was assumed that the correct value of n was that which gave the greatest coefficient of correlation between the measured values of clay dispersion and the predicted values of non-complexed clay. For the loess used, the optimum value was n = 14.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Funkcja krążków glinianych ludności kultury łużyckiej w świetle nowych znalezisk z Wielkopolski
Autorzy:
Żychlińska, Justyna
Tematy:
clay discs
Lusatian culture
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023927.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
Although the collection of “Lusatian” clay discs is quite significant, not much attention has been paid so far to their interpretation. The discs might have been used for various purposes in “Lusatian” society, e.g. as toys for children, or the Sun cult objects. They might have also played strictly utilitarian role of spindle whorls, polishing stones in pottery workshops, or miniature pads used in casting process. It would be difficult to accept any of the hypotheses exclusively, as it seems that the discs might have had various functions depending, among others, on the socio economic context in which they appeared.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Side-Effect of Organic Insecticide Spinosad on Biochemical and Microbiological Properties of Clay Soil
Autorzy:
Telesiński, A.
Michalcewicz, W.
Płatkowski, M.
Stręk, M.
Onyszko, M.
Wiśniewska, J.
Tematy:
clay soil
spinosad
soil environment
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/123910.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of spinosad on soil biochemical and microbiological properties. The experiment was carried out on sandy loam with Corg content 10.91 g·kg-l. Spinosad, as Spintor 240 SC was added into soil in dosages: a recommended field dosage, and fivefold, tenfold, and twenty-fivefold higher dosages. The amount of spinosad introduced into soil was between 12.55 and 313.75 g·kg-l. Moreover, soil samples without spinosad supplement were prepared as a reference. Respective Spintor 240 SC doses were converted into 1 kg soil, taking into account 10 cm depth. After application of insecticide water emulsions, soil moisture was brought to 60% maximum holding water capacity. The soil was thoroughly mixed and stored in tightly-closed polyethylene bags at 20 °C for a period 4 weeks. During the ex-periment dissipation of spinosad, soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, urease) and number of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes were assayed. Obtained results showed, that dissipation of spinosad in soil was relatively fast – the DT50 of this insecticide was ranged between 1.11 and 2.21 days. Spinosad residues had different effects on soil microbiological and biochemical properties. However, over time the impact of this insecticide definitely decreased. This indicated that the use of spinosad in organic farming, particularly in the field dosage, does not pose a long-term threat to the soil environment.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Swelling pressure of natural and modified smectite-bearing clay raw materials
Autorzy:
Panna, W.
Wyszomirski, P.
Szumera, M.
Tematy:
clay raw materials
swelling pressure
sodium activated smectites
waterproofing materials
Krakowiec clays
Triassic clay
Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/110772.pdf  Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:
Smectite clays, due to their barrier properties and swelling ability, are often applied for waterproofing purposes. A proper value of swelling pressure is one of the parameters, which must be met by the fillers used in hybrid waterproofing materials. The authors determined the swelling pressure of selected clay raw materials in their natural state and after chemical modification. This parameter was measured by the Komine method, as this procedure is more accurate than the standard edometric method. The authors introduced some changes in the method. The samples represent Krakowiec clays (Miocene) and a Triassic clay, collected in active pits of building clays, which are widely exploited in south Poland. The content of the smectite group minerals, determined from the sorption of methylene blue and copper(II) triethylenetetramine, ranges between 15 and 35%. Further characteristics of the clays were obtained with X-ray diffraction, chemical analyses (calcium carbonate content including) and pH measurements. It has been found that the activation of smectite clays with sodium lowers their swelling pressure as water penetrates easier the interlayer spaces of the smectites modified. This is important from the viewpoint of assessing the quality of bentonite fillers.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 602

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