Temat: eyewitness testimony

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Does eyewitness guess or recognize? : bootstrapping face and object identification accuracy
Autorzy:: Głomb, Kaja
Opis:: The purpose of the study is to determine whether the eyewitness identification can be regarded as a reliable source of information in a police investigation. In light of the many cases of eyewitness misidentifications, it seems reasonable to determine not only what class of objects is more likely to be actually recognized, but also is the level of accuracy sufficient enough to be a solid base for an investigation or a court case. To answer the questions a two-step experiment was designed and performed. At the first stage of the study, 71 participants watched a short video clip, and a week later they were asked to identify persons and the objects that appeared in the film. The participants’ rate of face identification success was 55%, while in the case of objects it was only 28%. Bootstrap estimation was used to determine if those numbers differ from random, and as a result whether they should be considered as a result of an accidental hit. The analysis showed that in the case of objects identification the success rate is within the bounds of randomness, while face identification exceeds it. It can be concluded that unlike faces, objects are more likely guessed than recognized.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Artykuł

na półce

Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Memory training as a method for reducing the misinformation effect
Autorzy:: Woltmann, Adrianna
Kękuś, Magdalena
Szpitalak, Malwina
Polczyk, Romuald
Opis:: The two experiments presented in this study investigate the impact of memory training on the misinformation effect. This effect isparticularly important in the forensic context as exposing a witness to misinformation may adversely affect the content of theirtestimony. During the training, the participants were acquainted with seven (Experiment 1) or six (Experiment 2) types ofmemory errors. It was expected that knowledge of the unreliability of human memory would reduce the misinformation effectand therefore improve the quality of testimony. These hypotheses were confirmed in both experiments. The efficacy of both thecomplete and reduced training courses was not statistically different. Additionally, in Experiment 1 the effectiveness of warningagainst misinformation was replicated: respondents warned about misinformation were more resistant to it than those not warned.The tainted truth effect was also present: people warned against non-existent misinformation had lower correctness in thememory test than non-warned ones. Finally, immediate recall of the content of the original information had no impact on themisinformation effect.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Artykuł

na półce

Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Can warning harm memory? : the impact of warning on eyewitness testimony
Czy ostrzeżenie może szkodzić? : wpływ ostrzeżenia na jakość zeznania świadka
Autorzy:: Polczyk, Romuald
Szpitalak, Malwina
Opis:: The main aim of this research was to explore the impact of warnings on the misinformation effect. The subjects listened to a recording and afterwards read a description of it which included, for the misinformed group, some details inconsistent with the recording. They then answered questions about the recording. The results obtained demonstrated various consequences of warning subjects about discrepancies between the original material and the post-event material. The hypothesis that the warning would decrease the misinformation effect among the misinformed participants was confirmed. Moreover, the hypothesis that warning non-misinformed subjects about non-existent discrepancies would decrease accuracy in the final memory test was also confirmed. In general, the results of the experiment set out here show that warning might have a negative influence on eyewitness testimony. It should not, therefore, be treated as an unambiguous factor that has a positive impact on the accuracy of testimony. The practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Artykuł

na półce

Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Zniekształcenia pamięci świadka naocznego : mechanizmy pamięciowe i niepamięciowe
Distortions in eyewitness memory : memory and non-memory mechanisms
Autorzy:: Polczyk, Romuald
Szpitalak, Malwina
Opis:: The main aim of the research presented in this article was to verify how many subjects among those who succumbed to misinformation were aware of the discrepancies between the original event and the misinformation. The presence o f such subjects supports the hypothesis that the mechanisms of the misinformation effect may be non-memorial in their nature. This hypothesis was confirmed as about 20% to 68% of subjects succumbing to misinformation were aware of the discrepancies. We also found that misinformation in the form of planting new details was more efficient than misinformation in the form o f changing existing memories. The results are discussed from the perspective o f applied forensic psychology.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Artykuł

na półce

Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: It is not real until it feels real : testing a new method for simulation of eyewitness experience with virtual reality technology and equipment
Autorzy:: Piotrowski, Przemysław
Głomb, Kaja
Romanowska, Izabela Anna
Opis:: Laboratory research in the psychology of witness testimony is often criticized for its lack of ecological validity, including the use of unrealistic artifcial stimuli to test memory performance. The purpose of our study is to present a method that can provide an intermediary between laboratory research and feld studies or naturalistic experiments that are difcult to control and administer. It uses Video-360° technology and virtual reality (VR) equipment, which cuts subjects of from external stimuli and gives them control over the visual feld. This can potentially increase the realism of the eyewitness's experience. To test the method, we conducted an experiment comparing the immersion efect, emotional response, and memory performance between subjects who watched a video presenting a mock crime on a head-mounted display (VR goggles; n=57) and a screen (n=50). The results suggest that, compared to those who watched the video on a screen, the VR group had a deeper sense of immersion, that is, of being part of the scene presented. At the same time, they were not distracted or cognitively overloaded by the more complex virtual environment, and remembered just as much detail about the crime as those viewing it on the screen. Additionally, we noted signifcant diferences between subjects in ratings of emotions felt during the video. This may suggest that the two formats evoke diferent types of discrete emotions. Overall, the results confrm the usefulness of the proposed method in witness research.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Artykuł

na półce

Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Warning against warnings: Alerted subjects may perform worse. Misinformation, involvement and warning as determinants of witness testimony
Autorzy:: Szpitalak, Malwina
Polczyk, Romuald
Tematy:: misinformation
memory
warning
involvement
eyewitness testimony
tainted truth; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430174.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The article presents experiments exploring the memory misinformation effect. Subjects heard a recording and afterwards read a description of it, which included, in the misled group, some details inconsistent with the recording; finally thay answered questions about the recording. The aim of the research was to replicate the tainted truth effect, consisting in poor memory functioning of non-misled warned subjects and to check whether a subject’s involvement in the issue moderates this effect. Highly involved subjects were more resistant to the misinformation effect than those lowly involved. In the case of highly involved participants, warning was effective in reducing the misinformation effect, but it also caused more errors in the case of non-misled subjects. Thus, warning witnesses about nonexising discrepancies between what they saw/heard and what they were told, might lead to less accurate testimony.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

Artykuł

na półce

Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Wpływ zaangażowania, zagrożenia Ja i dezinformacji na zniekształcenia raportów pamięciowych
The impact of self-threat and personal engagement on distortions of memory reports
Autorzy:: Szpitalak, Malwina
Polczyk, Romuald
Tematy:: memory
misinformation
eyewitness testimony
engagement
motivation
self-threat; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128394.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Podstawowym celem prezentowanego badania było sprawdzenie, czy zagrożenie pojęcia Ja oraz niskie zaangażowanie świadka wpływają na pamięć świadka naocznego, w tym w szczególności na jego podatność na dezinformację. W badaniu zreplikowano efekt dezinformacji. Zgodnie z oczekiwaniami stwierdzono też, że wysokie zaangażowanie w sprawę oraz zagrożenie pojęcia Ja sprzyjają procesom pamięciowym, podnosząc poprawność osób niedezinformowanych. Nie potwierdzono natomiast hipotezy o wpływie zagrożenia Ja oraz zaangażowania na wielkość efektu dezinformacji. Polepszenie pamięci wskutek zagrożenia Ja i zaangażowania u osób niedezinformowanych zinterpretowano jako zwiększoną motywację do ochrony stabilnego pojęcia Ja oraz staranniejsze kodowanie materiału następczego. Brak wpływu zagrożenia Ja i zaangażowania na podatność na dezinformację mógł wynikać z faktu, że czynniki te działają przeciwstawnie: jednocześnie polepszają pamięć materiału oryginalnego oraz pamięć dezinformacji, a tym samym znoszą się nawzajem.
The main aim of the presented experiment was to verify whether self-threat and low engagement influence memory processes of eyewitnesses, including their susceptibility to misinformation. The results replicated the eyewitness misinformation effect. Also, according to the hypotheses, high engagement and self-threat resulted in better memory, enhancing the performance of non-misled participants. However, the hypotheses stating that self-threat and engagement influence the susceptibility to misinformation were not confirmed. The enhancement of memory of non-misled subjects was interpreted in terms of increased motivation to self-protecting and more careful processing of the material to be remembered. The lack of relationship between self-threat, engagement and the susceptibility to misinformation could be due to the fact that self-threat and engagement act oppositely: on the one hand, they enhance the memory of the original event, but they also increase the memory of misinformation. Thus, no general effect is present.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

Artykuł

na półce

Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Policjant jako świadek
Police officer as an eyewitness
Autorzy:: Cywiński, Paweł
Opis:: Police officers more often give evidence as witnesses than average citizens. There has been a prevailing notion that a policeman is also a more reliable witness. Job experience, memorisation and perception abilities account for this belief. The present study focuses on testimony issues among policemen and non-policemen. Although, it discusses similarities and differences in perception and memorisation of events being the object of late evidence between those two groups of people. The following thesis contains essential issues concerning general activity of the police. There have been introduced fundamental terms related to witnesses and psychology of their evidence as well. The main part of the present study presents experiments to date that have been dedicated to assessment of reliability of witnesses’ testimony and personal research section together with conclusions, too.
Policjanci z uwagi na szczególny charakter wykonywanej pracy o wiele częściej niż osoby cywilne składają zeznania w charakterze świadka. Według obiegowej opinii policjant jest bardziej wiarygodnym świadkiem niż przeciętny obywatel. Przekonanie to tłumaczy się w szczególności doświadczeniem zawodowym policjantów, które miałoby wpływać na ich zdolności zapamiętywania i postrzegania.Celem niniejszej pracy jest przybliżenie problematyki zeznań policjantów, przede wszystkim podobieństw i różnic istniejących między policjantami a nie-policjantami w postrzeganiu i zapamiętywaniu zdarzeń będących przedmiotem późniejszych zeznań.W pracy zostały omówione podstawowe zagadnienia związane z ogólnym funkcjonowaniem policji, Przybliżono również podstawowe pojęcia związane ze świadkiem, oraz psychologią zeznań świadków. W głównej części pracy przedstawiono dotychczas przeprowadzone eksperymenty poświęcone ocenie wiarygodności zeznań świadków oraz badania własne autora i wnioski z nich wypływające.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Inne

na półce

Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: How to induce resistance to the misinformation effect? : characteristics of positive feedback in the reinforced self-affirmation procedure
Autorzy:: Szpitalak, Malwina
Polczyk, Romuald
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Artykuł

na półce

Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: The indirectly generated tainted truth effect : warning is not necessary to worsen the testimony of non-misled persons
Autorzy:: Szpitalak, Malwina
Opis:: The purpose of the present research was to examine the indirectly generated tainted truth effect (TTE). The TTE refers to decreased accuracy on a memory test among persons who are erroneously warned about non-existent misinformation in material that describes an event. It was expected that the TTE would occur even without an explicit warning about misinformation, if one distinctive item of misinformation appeared in postevent material that also contained correct information that was consistent with the original material about the event (indirectly generated TTE: IGTTE). Experiment 1 produced the IGTTE and this effect was replicated in Experiment 2. Experiment 2 showed that the classic and indirect versions of the TTE usually occurred among persons who incorrectly monitored the source of information. Experiment 3 replicated the IGTTE using a procedure that included an additional phase between presenting the original and postevent material - initial testing. When the initial testing procedure was administered in Experiment 3, the TTE was smaller; however, this initial testing procedure had no effect on the IGTTE.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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