Temat: gas composition - Prolib Integro

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: An experimental ethylene carrier gassing-up operation
Autorzy:: Wieczorek, Agnieszka
Tematy:: gas carrier
gassing-up
ethylene
nitrogen
gas mixing
gas composition; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135210.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Gas carriers are one of the most advanced types of ships and are equipped with the latest technological achievements. Due to the development of this industry, the demand for ethylene transport by sea has increased significantly in recent years. Nonetheless, it is one of the most problematic loads in terms of loading operations. Due to the small density differences between ethylene and nitrogen, ethylene is one of the most problematic hydrocarbons with respect to the efficient gasification of cargo tanks. Additionally, ethylene is one of the most expensive cargoes carried on gas carriers. The above aspects make it necessary to carry out a detailed analysis of the flushing of nitrogen-loaded cargo tanks with ethylene vapors to determine the range of technical parameters to enable more efficient tank gassing-up. This paper provides a detailed analysis of an experimental cargo tank gassing-up operation on an ethylene carrier. The process was carried out in accordance with previously-determined assumptions to optimize the discussed operations, assess how the cargo tank pressure influences this process, reduce cargo loss during gassing-up, and eliminate cargo loss during its cooling. The conclusions from this experiment provide guidelines for subsequent tests.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Application of ORC systems at natural gas compression station
Autorzy:: Kowalski, R.
Łaciak, M.
Liszka, K.
Oliinyk, A.
Paszylk, P.
Tematy:: natural gas
transmission pipelines
natural gas composition
contamination of natural gas; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/299125.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons with combustible methane as the main component, the content of which usually exceeds 90. Among the remaining components of natural gas are ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds. Helium can be also found in some natural gas fields. The composition of natural gas depends on, e.g. the field from which the gas comes, and also way in which it is transported, i.e. pipelines, LNG technology. The quality of natural gas is regulated by respective standards. Gas transmission pipelines are the most popular method, dominating on the international gas market, though LNG technology has recently started to play the more and more prominent role. The intensive development of renewable energy sources is accompanied by the development of the Power to gas technology - the electric energy excess is used for the hydrogen production, which can be directed to the existing natural gas network and such a mixture of natural gas and nitrogen is transmitted. At present transmission pipelines for nitride natural gas Ls and Lw exist in Poland. The aim of this paper is analyzing the influence of natural gas admixtures on the operation parameters of transmission pipelines.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Analysis of the participation of various components in natural gas transport
Autorzy:: Apostol, R.
Kowalski, R.
Liszka, K.
Łaciak, M.
Olijnyk, A.
Szurlej, A.
Tematy:: natural gas
transmission pipelines
natural gas composition
contamination of natural gas; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/299297.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons with combustible methane as the main component, the content of which usually exceeds 90%. Among the remaining components of natural gas are ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds. Helium can be also found in some natural gas fields. The composition of natural gas depends on, e.g. the field from which the gas comes, and also way in which it is transported, i.e. pipelines, LNG technology. The quality of natural gas is regulated by respective standards. Gas transmission pipelines are the most popular and dominant method of gas transport on the international gas market, though LNG technology has recently started to play an increasingly prominent role. The intensive development of renewable energy sources is accompanied by the development of the Power to gas technology – the electric energy excess is used for the hydrogen production, which can be directed to the existing natural gas network and such a mixture of natural gas and nitrogen is transmitted. At present, transmission pipelines for nitride natural gas Ls and Lw exist in Poland. The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of natural gas admixtures on the operational parameters of transmission pipelines.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: An experimental gassing-up operation on an ethylene carrier using two cascades with two tanks each
Autorzy:: Wieczorek, Agnieszka
Nanowski, Dariusz
Tematy:: LPG carrier
ethylene
Nitrogen
gassing-up
gas mixing
gas composition; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135498.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Ethylene is one of the basic raw materials of the petrochemical industry that is used to produce plastics. One of the largest producers of this compound is the USA, and a substantial increase in the demand for ethylene has also been recently observed in the Middle East, the Far East, and China. This requires the transport of this cargo by sea. Ethylene carriers are a type of LPG ships and are equipped with a cascade cycle that uses propylene or refrigerant R404A as a coolant medium. These vessels have been designed to withstand the minimum temperature of ethylene of –104°C for fully-cooled cargo. A mixture of ethylene and air (from concentrations of 2.75–2.6%) becomes explosive during heating under elevated pressures. Hence, it is necessary to form an inert atmosphere in the tanks using mostly nitrogen before the ethylene cargo is loaded. The process of aerating, inerting, gassing-up, and cooling cargo tanks and cargo is constantly repeated during the operation of LPG carriers. Due to the large amounts of ethylene lost during gassing-up, which results in significant financial losses and disruptions in cargo compressors during the cooling of the tanks and cargo, this operation is the most problematic of all. In this article, a solution is proposed for performing the gassing-up procedure which prevents excessive ethylene loss.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Wykorzystanie peletu jako paliwa dla pieców średniej i dużej mocy
Use of pellet as a fuel for a medium and high power furnace
Autorzy:: Kaszkowiak, E.
Kaszkowiak, J.
Tematy:: pelet
skład spalin
olej opałowy
pellets
exhaust gas composition
fuel oil; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Politechnika Bydgoska im. Jana i Jędrzeja Śniadeckich. Wydawnictwo PB
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/95498.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badania składu spalin powstających przy spalaniu peletu w piecach średniej i dużej mocy. Badania prowadzono na będących w stałej eksploatacji piecach, przy zasilaniu peletem drzewnym. Stwierdzono, iż w piecach poddanych modyfikacji polegającej na wymianie palnika na olej opałowy na palnik na pelet można uzyskać zadowalające efekty pod względem składu spalin. Zawartość zarówno dwutlenku węgla, tlenku węgla, jak i tlenków azotu nie odbiegała od wartości uzyskiwanych przy zasilaniu pieców olejem opałowym. Stwierdzono w analizowanych rozwiązaniach zależność zawartości ww. związków z mocą maksymalną pieców.
The paper presents the results of testing the composition of exhaust fumes generated during the combustion of pellets in medium and high-power furnaces. The tests were carried out on furnaces in permanent operation, with the supply of wood pellets. It has been found that in furnaces subjected to modification consisting in the replacement of a fuel oil fireplace with a pallet pellet, satisfactory effects in terms of exhaust gas composition can be obtained. The content of both carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides did not differ from the values obtained when furnishing the furnace with fuel oil. In the solutions analyzed, the dependence of the content of the above compounds on the maximum power of the furnace was found.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Skład gazów rozpuszczonych w wodzie termalnej eksploatowanej odwiertem KT-1 w Karpnikach na obszarze granitu karkonoskiego w Sudetach
Composition of gas dissolved in thermal water extracted from borehole BKT-1 at Karpniki (Karkonosze granite area, Sudetes)
Autorzy:: Przylibski, T. A.
Żak, S.
Kowalska, A.
Domin, E.
Tematy:: skład gazu
gaz szlachetny
azot
hel
argon
radon
gas composition
noble gas
nitrogen
helium; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075848.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The detailed research of a gas mixture released from the thermal water, which is extracted from borehole KT-1 at Karpniki, showed the predominance of nitrogen (98.08% by volume) with subordinate Ar (1.52%) and He (0.32%) and trace amounts of CO2 (0.07%) and CH4 (0.01%). The 222Rn radionuclide is also dissolved in this water, showing an activity concentration of 245 Bq/dm3 at the outflow and 256 Bq/dm3 in the aquifer. A small value of the gas exponent (0.014), and also a value of the δ coefficient close to 1 (0.93) were calculated based on the dissolved Ar and N2 content in the water examined, as well as on concentrations of argon and nitrogen in water, assuming that atmospheric air is present above the water surface with a contemporary composition and under normal pressure. The data obtained indicate that these gases and additionally CO2 and CH4 are of atmospheric origin. These gases were either dissolved in rainwater, which infiltrated deep into the Karkonosze granite massif, orformed within the organic layer covering this exposed intrusion. This is evidenced by concentrations of these gases that can be comparable to their atmospheric equivalents. Helium is a radiogenic gas formed as a result of nuclear transformation of isotopes assigned to natural radioactive series. The radiogenic and also radioactive gas is represented by the 222Rn radioisotope which is released from reservoir rocks, in an amount of 5% of the atom poolforming in the reservoir rock, into thermal water that subsequently reaches borehole KT-1 from a distance of 34 m at most. The thermal paleoinfiltration water has been heated up as a result of the conduction, and the source of heat is the temperature of the rocks resulting from an average geothermal gradient of 2.96°C per 100 m. The results of the authors’research indicate that there are no traces of inflow of hotfluids (especially water) from the deeper layers of the crust or from the mantle. If the examined thermal water is considered as paleoinfiltration water, its static resources may be limited, non-renewable.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: An experimental study of emission and combustion characteristics of marine diesel engine in case of cylinder Valves leakage
Autorzy:: Kowalski, J.
Tematy:: marine diesel engine
exhaust gas composition
emission
exhaust gas valve leakage
inlet valve leakage; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259195.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Presented paper shows the results of the laboratory tests on the relationship between throttling of both air intake duct and exhaust gas duct and a gaseous emission from the marine engine. The object of research is a laboratory, four-stroke, DI diesel engine, operated at loads from 50 kW to 250 kW at a constant speed equal to 750 rpm. During the laboratory tests over 50 parameters of the engine were measured with its technical condition recognized as a „working properly” and with simulated leakage of both air intake valve and exhaust gas valve on the second cylinder. The results of this laboratory research confirm that the leakage of cylinder valves causes no significant changes of the thermodynamic parameters of the engine. Simulated leakages through the inlet and exhaust valve caused a significant increase in fuel consumption of the engine. Valve leakages cause an increase of the exhaust gas temperature behind the cylinder with leakage and behind other cylinders. The exhaust gas temperature increase is relatively small and clearly visible only at low loads of the engine. The increase of the temperature and pressure of the charging air behind the intercooler were observed too. Charging air temperature is significantly higher during the engine operation with inlet valve leakage. The study results show significant increases of the CO, NOx and CO2 emission for all the mentioned malfunctions. The conclusion is that the results of measurements of the composition of the exhaust gas may contain valuable diagnostic information about the technical condition of the air intake duct and the exhaust gas duct of the marine engine.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Laboratory study on influence of air duct throttling on exhaust gas composition in marine four - stroke diesel engine
Autorzy:: Kowalski, J.
Tematy:: marine diesel engine
exhaust gas composition
toxic emission
laboratory investigation
air duct throttling; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/248050.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Presented paper shows results of laboratory tests on the relationship between the throttling of a cross area of an air intake duct and the composition of exhaust gas from the marine engine. The object of research is a laboratory four-stroke diesel engine, worked with a load from 50kW to 250kW at a constant speed. During the laboratory, tests over 50 parameters were measured of the engine with technical condition recognized as a “working properly” and with a simulated the air intake duct throttling. The simulation consisted of inserting the throttling flanges to the air intake duct before compressor, limiting duct cross-sectional area by 20% and 60% respectively. The results of laboratory research confirm that the effect of the air intake duct throttling on the engine thermodynamic parameters is clearly visible only at considerable throttling. In the case of measuring the composition of exhaust gas, both mole fractions and emissions of gaseous components markedly affected even at low throttling. For example, 20% throttling of the cross section of the air intake duct increase the mole fraction of carbon monoxide in exhaust gas almost 44% during working the engine with load equal to 250kW, and only 10% of the temperature after air cooler. Keep in mind that the temperature after air cooler was an engine parameter, which undergoes the greatest change during the simulation of that malfunction. The conclusion is that the results of measurements of the composition of exhaust gas may contain valuable diagnostic information about the technical condition of the air delivery to the engine system.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: An experimental study of emission and combustion characteristics of marine diesel engine with fuel injector malfunctions
Autorzy:: Kowalski, J.
Tematy:: marine diesel engine
exhaust gas composition
toxic emission
laboratory investigation
fuel injector malfunctions; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260092.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The presented paper shows the results of the laboratory study on the relation between chosen malfunctions of a fuel injector and composition of exhaust gas from the marine engine. The object of research is a marine 3-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine with an intercooler system. The engine was loaded with a generator and supercharged. The generator was electrically connected to the water resistance. The engine operated with a load between 50 kW and 250 kW at a constant speed. The engine load and speed, parameters of the turbocharger, systems of cooling, fuelling, lubricating and air exchange, were measured. Fuel injection and combustion pressures in all cylinders of the engine were also recorded. Exhaust gas composition was recorded by using a electrochemical gas analyzer. Air pressure, temperature and humidity were also recorded. Emission characteristics of the engine were calculated according to ISO 8178 standard regulations. During the study the engine operated at the technical condition recognized as „working properly” and with simulated fuel injector malfunctions. Simulation of malfunctions consisted in the increasing and decreasing of fuel injector static opening pressure, decalibration of fuel injector holes and clogging 2 neighboring of 9 fuel injector holes on one of 3 engine cylinders.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Geneza i chemizm składu gazowego wód podziemnych w bloku górnośląskim
The origin and chemistry of gases dissolved in groundwater in the Upper Silesian Block
Autorzy:: Różkowski, A.
Zawadzka, E.
Tematy:: strefowość hydrogeochemiczna
skład gazowy wód
migracja gazów
blok górnośląski
hydrogeochemical zonation
water gas composition
gas migration
Upper Silesian Block; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2062810.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: W artykule rozpatrzona została geneza i skład chemiczny gazów rozpuszczonych w wodach podziemnych zapadliska górnośląskiego, położonego w SE części bloku górnośląskiego. W profilu geologicznym zapadliska górnośląskiego stwierdzono kilka poziomów potencjalnego generowania bituminów. Gazy rozpuszczone w wodach powstały w różnych epokach geologicznych, zarówno na skutek termogenicznych procesów uwęglenia, jak i na skutek mikrobialnych procesów redukcji dwutlenku węgla. Dla nasycenia wód metanem podstawowe znaczenie miały termogeniczne procesy uwęglenia substancji organicznej występującej w utworach karbonu produktywnego. W pracy przyjęto, że nośnikiem gazu są wody podziemne, co nie wyklucza migracji gazu wolnego. Nasycenie wód gazami ma charakter regionalny. Wody podziemne znajdują się w basenie sedymentacyjnym w więzi hydraulicznej, przy czym w układ krążenia włączony jest proces migracji gazu. Śledząc rozwój paleohydrogeologiczny zapadliska górnośląskiego można wnioskować, że działalność orogeniczna i wynikające z niej etapy infiltracyjnego rozwoju basenu doprowadzały nie tylko do wymiany wód, lecz również do zmian ich składu gazowego. W zapadlisku górnośląskim zaznacza się wyraźna strefowość gazowa wód, charakterystyczna dla basenów sedymentacyjnych. Są to strefy: azotowa, azotowo-metanowa, metanowa i metanowo-azotowa. Geneza i skład chemiczny gazów rozpuszczonych w wodach poszczególnych stref są wzajemnie odmienne, w zasięgu określonej strefy bywają zróżnicowane. Autorzy pracy skłonni są wiązać występowanie strefowości gazowej wód ze środowiskiem hydrogeochemicznym basenu sedymentacji oraz z położeniem wód w systemie przepływu.
The origin and chemistry of gases dissolved in groundwater of a regional flow system in the Upper Silesian Variscan sedimentary basin are investigated in this paper. In the geological profile of the Upper Silesian sedimentary basin, a few potential sources of gas generation occur. Gases were generated in various geological periods as a result of thermogenic coalification as well as microbial reduction of carbon dioxide. Thermogenic processes of coalification of organic matter occurring in the productive Carboniferous deposits were of the prime importance in water saturation with methane. Water saturation with gases is of a regional character. Individual groundwaters in the sedimentary basin have a hydraulic connection. Migration of gases is included in the groundwater flow system. Taking into account the paleohydrogeological development of the Upper Silesian depression, it could be concluded that the infiltrational stages of the basin development resulted not only in waters exchange but also in a change in their gaseous composition. Within the Upper Silesian depression, a distinct gaseous zonation of waters can be observed, characteristic of sedimentary basins. There are the following zones: nitrogen, nitrogen-methane, methane and methane-nitrogen. The origin and chemical composition of gases dissolved in waters of the individual zones are different, but they may also be different within the range of a particular zone. The authors assumed that the gaseous zonation of waters may be related to their location in the groundwater flow system and is correlated with the hydrogeochemical zonation.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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