Temat: livelihood - Prolib Integro

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Wetland importance and dependence among households around the Ogun River Basin, Nigeria
Autorzy:: Olarewaju, Titilope Omolara
Shittu, Adebayo
Dipeolu, Adewale
Oduntan, Oladapo
Tematy:: wetland
benefits
livelihood
dependence
income; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033357.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Wetland is particularly important in developing countries for economic purposes. This study examines livelihood activities, wetland dependence and its determinants among wetland households. Primary data were collected from households in a two stage random sampling procedure. Both descriptive and quantitative methods were employed for data analysis. Results show that support for dry season production, all year round water supply, and fishing were the first, second and third most important benefits of wetland to households. Socio-economic factors have influences on wetland dependence. This study concludes that wetland support dry season farming and is heavily depended upon for income by households in wetland communities. It is therefore recommended that skills acquisition centres should be established in wetland communities to engage youths particularly male in other employment apart from wetland related ones so as to reduce dependence on wetlands and thus take pressure off them.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Zabezpieczenie egzystencji (livelihoods) w dyskusji o bezpieczeństwie ekonomicznym regionów peryferyjnych1
Livelihoods in the discussion about economic safety in peripheral regions
Autorzy:: Czerny, Mirosława
Czerny, Andrzej
Tematy:: rural development
livelihood
poverty
global South
Peru
rozwój wsi
zabezpieczanie egzystencji
(livelihood)
ubóstwo
globalne Południe; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki Euroregionalnej im. Alcide De Gasperi w Józefowie
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/451936.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: In the discussion on the possibilities for emerging from a state of backwardness and underdevelopment that may be available to rural parts of developing countries, and in the search for a concept that might help reduce poverty levels in these same areas, reference is made to various strands of thought through which authors basically evoke one or other of the fundamental “schools” of development present in the subject literature for more than three decades now. Last two decades at least have brought a downward trend for the numbers working in agriculture in the world as a whole, the share of the overall workforce engaged in this kind of activity remains considerable in many developing countries. Agriculture continues to represent a basic source of income, thanks to which large groups of people in rural areas continue to have upkeep. And while today’s world has a globalized system of food production, there remain – and continue in a strong position – the two key systems of farm production, i.e. commercial (albeit of diff ering magnitudes and production profi les) and subsistence (thanks to which the populations living in underdeveloped, poor and marginalized rural areas continue to be able to maintain their lives, if “only just”). Th e concept of livelihood used in this study is very useful in helping us understand the process of the accumulation – and the accessing – of certain non-material features and material goods known in general as assets, which allow each household or each community to devise a strategy by which the basic existential needs are to be safeguarded. Th ese are also sought in the context of features of the surroundings in which communities operate. It is accepted that the environment defi ned in this way is variable and vulnerable to all kinds of change, be this institutional, political or environmental (Carney 1998).
W geografi i rozwoju ważnym zagadnienie, które jest szeroko omawiane w literaturze są kwestie ubóstwa, zacofania i braku możliwości rozwoju na szczeblu lokalnym, w regionach trudnodostępnych, zamieszkanych przez ludność tubylczą. Oprócz czynników lokalizacyjnych przyczyn tej sytuacji szuka się w historii gospodarczej i politycznej regionów, a szczególnie w procesach politycznych odpowiedzialnych za redystrybucję ziemi rolnej od czasów kolonialnych. Reformy rolne realizowane w krajach andyjskich w latach 60. XX wieku nie zmieniły radykalnie tej sytuacji i w dalszym ciągu istnieją rzesze rolników gospodarujących na niewielkich poletkach (minifundios). Stąd też projekty rozwojowe kładą duży nacisk na promowanie działalności pozarolniczej na obszarach wiejskich, także w krajach globalnego Południa Kwestia ta ma fundamentalne znaczenie dla poprawy warunków życia ludności wiejski i zwiększenia jej aktywów (Kinsey 2002). Liczba osób, pracujących w rolnictwie, wykazuje wprawdzie w skali globalnej od co najmniej dwóch dekad wyraźną tendencję spadkową, jednak w dalszym ciągu w krajach rozwijających się ich udział w zatrudnieniu jest znaczny. Rolnictwo w dalszym ciągu stanowi podstawowe źródło utrzymania znacznych grup ludności regionów wiejskich. We współczesnym, zglobalizowanym systemie produkcji żywności utrzymują się i nie schodzą ze swoich silnych pozycji dwa najważniejsze systemy produkcji rolnej: gospodarstwa towarowe (różnej wielkości i o różnym profi lu produkcji) oraz gospodarstwa subsystencyjne, dzięki którym utrzymuje się ludność wiejska obszarów nierozwiniętych, ubogich, zmarginalizowanych.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Livelihood assessment in district 1 of Medellin – Colombia
Autorzy:: Mendoza, Ciro Alfonso Serna
Czerny, Miroslawa
Pineda, Abraham Allec Londoño
Rojas, Oscar Alonso Velez
Tematy:: Livelihood
poverty
human development
vulnerability
index
Medellin; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1035984.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The livelihood approach aims at the analysis, understanding and restrictions that the poorest people have to face in order to recover from difficult situations. The Department for International Development model is applied to an urban zone with the purpose of making an assessment of the livelihood of the district ’la Comuna 1’ in Medellin, Colombia, which has been recognised as the poorest and one of the most dangerous districts of the city. The case study presents both a quantitative analysis (macro) and qualitative (micro) analysis, as a mixed method that allows a more complete analysis and understanding of livelihood, and providing a deeper understanding of the district from the livelihood approach. The results indicate a stable growth of livelihood during the period of analysis.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) to Livelihood of People in Mokwa Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria
Autorzy:: Fajobi, E. A.
Fingesi, U. I.
Tematy:: Humans
Livelihood
Mokwa
Non-Timber Forest Products; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1055275.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: This study focused on the contribution of NTFPs species to the livelihood of Mokwa people, Niger state. It was undertaken to ascertain the proportion of humans involved in the exploitation of NTFPs in the study area, to determine the types of NTFPs exploited and their roles in the lives of the communities and to determine the actual contribution of NTFPs species to the livelihood of the Mokwa people. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and oral interviews to acquire information from sampled members of the Mokwa LGA communities. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (tables, chart, and graphs). The findings from this study indicate that NTFPs are abundant in the study area and are found in all the forested land areas within the communities. NTFPs collection for utilization is usually carried out throughout the year. All the respondents in Ja’agi, Kudu, Kpaki, and Mokwa town collect and use the NTFPs in food preparation for the family and for other purposes. The number of households involved in the collection of NTFPs was highest in the Ja’agi community (95%), while only (28%) households were involved in Mokwa town. The chi-square test revealed that there were high significant differences (P>0.05) between the number of respondents involved in the collection and non-collection of NTFPs in Mokwa LGA. Twenty (20) plant by-products and fruits were the major types of NTFPs being collected. Most NTFPs species were of medicinal plants, while some supplement everyday meals. It should be noted that Mokwa LGA communities earn some money from the collection of NTFPs - especially from plants such as Vitellaria paradoxa (73%) Pakia biglobosa (16%), and Mangifera indica (4%). Lack of jobs in the government established institutions is the major problem facing the communities. It is, therefore, recommended that provision of jobs and business opportunities will help improve the living standard of the people and hence reduce their effect on the forest resources.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Determinants of Income Diversification among Support Zone Communities of Nigeria National Parks
Autorzy:: Jacob, Daniel Etim
Onadeko, Samuel
Nelson, Imaobong
Shotuyo, Abdul
Ityavyar, James
Tematy:: Income diversification
Protected area
Livelihood
Poverty
Nigeria; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Opolski
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16729450.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: This paper examined determinants of income diversification among households in support zones communities of national parks in Nigeria. This involved the use household data collected through questionnaires administered randomly among 1009 household heads in the study area. The data obtained were analyzed using probability and non-probability statistical analysis such as regression and analysis of variance to test for mean difference between parks. The result obtained indicates that majority of the household heads were male (92.57%0, between the age class of 21 – 40 years (44.90%), had non-formal education (38.16%), were farmers (65.21%), owned land (95.44%), with a household size of 1 – 5 (36.67%) and an annual income range of ₦401,000 - ₦600,000 (24.58%). Mean Simpson index of diversity showed a general low (0.375) level of income diversification among the households. Income, age, off-farm dependence, education, household size and occupation where significant (p<0.01) factors that affected households’ income diversification. The study recommends improvement in the existing infrastructures and social capital in the communities as avenues to improve the livelihood and ensure positive conservation behaviors in the study area.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Assessment of income generating activities among forest fringe communities in cross rivers state of Nigeria
Autorzy:: Awe, Femi
Tematy:: livelihood
forest
on-farm
multinomial
Cross River; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1879407.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: This study assessed the different income generating activities as well as factors that influenced choice of such activities among forest communities in Cross Rivers State of Nigeria. One hundred copies of structured questionnaire were used to obtain information from respondents in the study area. Two Local Government Areas (LGAs) were purposively selected for the study, due to their agrarian and forest-based nature. Five communities were then randomly selected from each of the LGAs and ten copies of questionnaire were randomly administered in each community. Both descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages as well as inferential statistics such as Multinomial Logistic Regression were used in the study. From the study, it was discovered that the average household size, age, farm size and household income were 4; 36.5; 1.75Ha and N39, 330 respectively. It was also observed that the respondents engaged in different income generating activities which are then categorized into On-farm only activities, Non-farm only activities as well as Non-farm+ On-farm activities. Thirty-seven percent (37%) of the respondents engaged in only farming activities with only 20% of them engaging in non-farm activities alone; while 43% of the respondents combine farm activities with non-farm activities. The results of the Multinomial Logistic Regression show that age, educational qualification, access to extension services, total household monthly income, farming experience, farm size as well as availability of forest were variables that significantly influenced the respondents’ choice of livelihood strategies at 5% level of significance.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Between Oil and Tourism – Huaorani Youth’s Plans for the Future
Etnografia Polska 64 z. 1-2 (2020)
Autorzy:: Lidzbarski, Tomasz
Wierucka, Aleksandra
Wydawca:: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Powiązania:: Gerlach Allen 2003, Indians, Oil and Politics. A Recent History of Ecuador, Scholarly Resources, Wilmington
Rival Laura 2000, Formal Schooling and the Production of Modern Citizens in the Ecuadorian Amazon, [in:] Schooling the Symbolic Animal. Social and Cultural Dimensions of Education, B.A.U. Levinson et al. (eds.), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, LondonNew York
Mongabay 2018a, https://news.mongabay.com/2018/02/ecuador-votes-to-reduce-oil-exploitation-in-yasuni-national-park (accessed 30.06.2018)
Constitutión de la República del Ecuador 2008, http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/ laws/es/ec/ec030es.pdf (accessed 25.07.2018)
Paymal Noemi, Sosa Catalina (ed.) 1993, Amazon Worlds. People and Cultures of Ecuador’s Amazon Region, Sinchi Sacha, Quito
Cepek Michael 2018, Life in Oil. Cofan Survival in the Petroleum, University of Texas Press, Austin
Ziegler-Otero Laurence 2004, Resistance in an Amazonian Community. Huaorani Organizing against the Global Economy, Berghahn Books, New York
Romero Simon, Krauss Clifford 2011, Ecuador’s Judge Orders Chevron to Pay $9 Billion, New York Times 14.02.2011
Garcia Eduardo 2012, Ecuador to Launch Oil Block Auction Amid Protest, Reuters 28.11.2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/28/ecuador-oil-auction-idUSL1E8MR3I120121128 (accessed 02.03.2018)
Farrugia David 2015, The mobility imperative for rural youth: the structural, symbolic and non-representational dimensions rural youth mobilities, Journal of Youth Studies, Vol 19. No. 6, pp. 836–851, DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2015.1112886
Wierucka Aleksandra 2015, Huaorani of the Western Snippet, Palgrave, New York
Rival Laura 2016, Huaorani Transformations in Twenty-first-century Ecuador. Treks in to the Future of Time, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson
Robarchek Clayton, Robarchek Carole 1998, Waorani: the Contexts of Violence and War, Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Philadelphia
Bremner Jasen Lee 2013, Population Mobility and Livelihood Diversification among Indigenous Peoples of the Ecuadorian Amazon (A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of City and Regional Planning), Chapel Hill, DOI 10.17615/m3fw-e817
Rival Laura 2014, Encountering nature through ﬁeldwork: expert knowledge, modes of reasoning, and local creativity, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 218–236
Chevron 2018, https://www.chevron.com/ecuador/ (accessed 3.07.2018)
Davis Wade1996, One River. Explorations and Discoveries in the Amazon Rain Forest, Simon and Shuster, New York
Wierucka Aleksandra 2018, Living with Strangers: Huaorani and Tourism Industry in XXI Century, Anthropological Notebooks, No. 24 (1), pp. 97–110
Rival Laura 2002, Trekking Through History. The Huaorani of Ecuadorian Amazon, Columbia University Press, New York
Mongabay 2018, https://news.mongabay.com/2018/03/indigenous-women-march-in-ecuador-vow-to-defend-our-territory (accessed 30.06.2018)
High Casey 2015, Victims and Warriors: Violence, history and memory in Amazonia, University of Illinois Press, Urbana
Yost James 1981a, Twenty Years of Contact: the Mechanisms of Change in Wao ‘Auca’ Culture, [in:] Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador, N. E. Whitten (ed.), University of Illinois Press, Urbana
Reglamento Especial de Turismo en Áreas Naturales Protegidas 2016, https://www.turismo.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/REGLAMENTO-ESPECIAL- DE-TURISMO-EN-%C3%81REAS-NATURALES-PROTEGIDAS.pdf (accessed 27.07.2018)
Bass Margot, Finer Matt, Jenkins Clinton, Kreft Holger, Cisneros-Heredia Diego, McCracken Shawn F., Pitman Nigel C.A., English Peter, Swing Kelly, Villa Gorky, Di Fiore Anthony, Voigt Christian C., Kunz Thomas H. 2010, Global conservation significance of Ecuador’s Yasuni National Park, PLOS ONE, Vol. 5, no.1, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0008767
Stocker Karen 2007, Identity as Work: Changing Job Opportunities and Indigenous Identity in the Transition to a Tourist Economy, Anthropology of Work Review, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 18–22
Mongabay 2019, https://news.mongabay.com/2019/05/historic-win-by-ecuadors-waorani-could-re-shape-extraction-activities/(accessed 30.08.2019)
Rival Laura 1996, Hijos del Sol, padres del jaguar. Los Huaorani de ayer y hoy, Abya Yala, Quito
Etnografia Polska
Puig Juan Falconi 2012, The world failed Ecuador on its Yasuní initiative, The Guardian 19.09.2013
Yost James1981b, People of the Forest, [in:] Ecuador in the Shadow of the Volcanoes, P. Gordon-Warren, S. Curl (eds.), Libri Mundi, Quito
Hutchins Frank 2007, Footprints in the Forest: Ecotourism and Altered Meanings in Ecuador’s Upper Amazon, Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, Vol. 12, No.1, pp. 75–103
McSweeney Kendra, Jokisch Brad 2007, Beyond Rainforest: Urbanization and Emigration among Lowland Indigenous Societies in Latin America, Bulletin of Latin American Research Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 159–180
Cabodevilla Miquel 1994, Los Huaorani, En la historia de los pueblos del Oriente, Cicame, Quito
Taylor Ann-Christi 1981, God-Wealth: the Achuar and the Missions, [w:] Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador, N. Whitten (ed.), University of Illinois Press Urbana
Swing Kelly 2012, Science in Yasuni Sheds Light on Impacts of Oil Development in Amazon, National Geographic Society webpage, https://blog.nationalgeographic.org-/2012/12/26/science-in-yasuni-sheds-light-on-impacts-of-oil-development-in-amazon/ (accessed 03.07.2018)
Kimerling Judith 1991, Amazon Crude, Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington
NRDC 2018, https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/village-ecuadors-amazon-fights-life-oil-wells-move (accessed 28.06.2018)
Davis Jason, Sellers Samuel, Gray Clark, Bilsborrow Richard, 2016, Indigenous Migration Dynamics in the Ecuadorian Amazon: A Longitudinal and Hierarchical Analysis, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 53, No. 11, pp. 1849–1864, DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2016.1262028
Virtanen Pirjo Kristiina 2012, Indigenous Youth in Brazilian Amazonia, Palgrave, New York
Opis:: This paper explores the occupational plans and prospects of Huaorani youth living in one of the most remote settlements in eastern Ecuador. A qualitative methodology was applied to assess how Indigenous young people negotiate their future and employment prospects. Our study demonstrates that youth living in the settlement studied do not plan to move to the city, but intend to lead a moderately traditional life while working in local tourism initiatives
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Dostawca treści:: RCIN - Repozytorium Cyfrowe Instytutów Naukowych

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Impact of Irrigation on Agricultural Growth and Poverty Alleviation in West Java Province, Indonesia
Autorzy:: Rizal, Achmad
Rochima, Emma
Rahmatunnisa, Mudiyati
Muljana, Budi
Tematy:: Irrigation
West Java Province
agriculture
poverty
rural livelihood; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1031324.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Irrigation in developing countries tends to be stereotyped as equity reducing, in competition with other uses for scarce water resources, often negatively impacting disadvantaged groups. This study aims to clarify the linkages between irrigation and poverty by offering an objective review of recent research on the subject. The key questions addressed herein are: (1) what is the role of irrigation development and management in poverty alleviation? (2) what are the linkages and pathways through which irrigation contributes to poverty alleviation? (3) what is the magnitude of anti-poverty impacts of irrigation? And (4) what are the critical determinants of anti-poverty impacts of irrigation? Our review focuses on topical empirical research studies in West Java Province, Indonesia. Agricultural intensification through the practice of irrigation as a strategy for poverty reduction is examined. There are four inter‐related mechanisms through which irrigated agriculture can reduce poverty. These are improvements in the levels and security of productivity, employment, and incomes for irrigating farm households and farm labor; the linkage and multiplier effects of agricultural intensification for the broader economy; provision of opportunities for diversification of rural livelihoods; and multiple uses of irrigation supply. There are also significant risks that poorly designed and managed irrigation can negatively impact on poverty. It is concluded that two factors of production (irrigation and literacy rate) have a larger role in the overall rural development and poverty alleviation process in a region, as also clearly illustrated in this study's regression results.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Livelihood Diversification Strategies and Determinants by Smallholder Farmers in the Highland Areas of North Shewa Ethiopia
Autorzy:: Workie, Dejene Mamo
Tematy:: livelihood
non-farm
on-farm
off-farm
smallholder; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/56976256.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: In developing nations, farming is primarily subsistence, rain-dependent, not mechanized, and uninsured, making it subject to high crop losses caused by environmental and human factors. As a result, diversifying smallholder farmers’ livelihood strategies helps them achieve financial stability, combat poverty, provide job opportunities, reduce rural-urban migration, and cope with environmental and socioeconomic shocks. This study was conducted to assess livelihood diversification strategies and identify the factors that affect households’ decisions to diversify their livelihood strategies. It was carried out in Basona worana and Angolelana tera woreda of North Shewa in Ethiopia in 2021 using 201 randomly selected smallholder farmers. The descriptive result indicates that 33% of the households sampled diversify their livelihoods to on-farm and non-farm activities. 57% of the sample household engaged only in on-farm activities to sustain their life. The multinomial logistic regression model results showed that age, sex, formal education level, land ownership, livestock ownership, distance from the main road, access to stable food, and credit all significantly affected household livelihood diversification strategies. Raising awareness of livelihood diversification, avoiding bad traditional beliefs on some ignored jobs, creating access to credit, roads and markets, and promoting the crop-livestock mixed farming systems were the policy recommendations of this study.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Factors affecting livelihood strategies of smallholder tobacco and non-tobacco farmers and off-farm households benefittin from land reform in Zimbabwe
Autorzy:: Mapfumo, Alexander
Mushunje, Abbyssinia
Tematy:: livelihood strategies
land reform
multinomial logit model
Manicaland
Zimbabwe; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2141452.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The main objective of this paper was to determine the factors that affect the livelihood strategies of resettled smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. The study was conducted in Manicaland Province in Zimbabwe, and the respondents were stratified into four groups. These were smallholder farmers resettled under the A1 and A2 models, as well as tobacco and non-tobacco smallholder farmers. The two models differ in how they were implemented and supported, which might lead to them having different livelihood strategies. A total of 300 respondents were surveyed, consisting of 114 tobacco and 149 non-tobacco farmers and 24 off-farm and 13 wageearner households in Manicaland province. The study used a Multinomial Logit model to investigate the factors influencing a household’s decision to choose different livelihood strategies. In the model, the dependent variables included four livelihood strategies, while the explanatory variables included various household social-economic and institutional factors. The results obtained from the multinomial logistic regression model established that gender and land size were significant at a level of 1%, and education, household size, access to credit and access to inputs were significant at 5% in the adoption of tobacco farming, access to credit and gender were significant at a 1% level in the adoption of non-tobacco farming, while education was significant at a 10% level in adopting off-farm were found to be significant in determining the adoption of the tobacco farming in the study area up to less than 10% probability level in adopting off-farm activities. Smallholder farmers who did not adopt tobacco farming indicated that limited land size, shortage of labour and access to tobacco inputs were the major impediments to adopting tobacco farming. The government should support the efforts of smallholder farmers to increase their livelihood strategies through unveiling credit lines for farming activities. Access to inputs for smallholder farmers should be made a priority by the government through the provision and fair distribution of adequate agricultural inputs.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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