This research aimed to examine the strategy effectiveness of the Integrating Inquiry-based learning and Student Teams Achievement Division (INSTAD) compared to other strategies: Inquiry; Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD); and conventional learning, in order to narrow Upper Academic Ability (AA) and Lower Academic Ability (AB) science students’ learning outcome gap. As many as 136 research subject, consisting of AA and AB 7th grade students in equal numbers were selected using stratified random sampling from 27 State Junior High Schools in Surakarta, Indonesia. This research employed 4x2 factorial design as a method. Students’ learning results were measured with an essay test, then analyzed using Anakova. Findings demonstrate that INSTAD is the optimum strategy to constrict AA and AB students’ science grade point average, compared to Inquiry, STAD, and conventional learning.
Welfare reforms are carried out by government to solve problems of citizens and to improve their quality of life. However, social interventions also generate various consequences, that are unintended and unanticipated. The aim of the article is to investigate and to systemize such controversial and paradoxical outcomes. Basing on the historical facts, they were divided into three groups: (1) expanding the problem that was to be solved (2) expanding the opposite problem to the solved one, (3) expanding other problem. These outcomes are arguments against welfare programs, that were formulated already by classical researchers (T.R. Malthus, G. Bentham, D. Ricardo, H. Spencer), and currently are being maintained and developed by modern scholars. They focus mainly on: moral hazard, freeriding, incentive traps, and crowding-out individual engagement.
It should be obvious that we must learn from our mistakes, so all of society, and ourselves, should have progressively safer, less risky systems and behaviors as we learn. Accidents are seemingly random in their occurrence, but in fact, this very apparent randomness is also containing information. The information we have researched and analysed covers nearly 200 years of knowledge from literally millions of multitudinous observations. The failure rate provides the expression for the probability of any outcomes, and the resulting curve is called the Human Bathtub. By quantifying the randomness, the uncertainty and the disorder, we have provided a new objective measure of “safety culture”, “organizational learning” and “engineering resilience”. We have linked individual learning and skill acquisition to the systematic risk reduction observed for entire systems with increasing experience. The results will be of interest to those interested and engaged in risk management, and in the social sciences where risk perception is important.
Intraabdominal hemorrhage remains one of the most frequent surgical complications after liver transplantation. The aim of the study was to evaluate risk factors for intraabdominal bleeding requiring reoperation and to assess the relevance of the reoperations with respect to short- and long-term outcomes following liver transplantation. Material and methods. Data of 603 liver transplantations performed in the Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery in the period between January 2011 and September 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. Study end-points comprised: reoperation due to bleeding and death during the first 90 postoperative days and between 90 postoperative day and third post-transplant year. Results. Reoperations for intraabdominal bleeding were performed after 45 out of 603 (7.5%) transplantations. Low pre-transplant hemoglobin was the only independent predictor of reoperation (p=0.002) with the cut-off of 11.3 g/dl. Postoperative 90-day mortality was significantly higher in patients undergoing reoperation as compared to the remaining patients (15.6% vs 5.6%, p=0.008). Post-transplant survival from 90 days to 3 years was non-significantly lower in patients after reoperation for bleeding (83.3%) as compared to the remaining patients (92.2%, p=0.096). Nevertheless, multivariable analyses did not reveal any significant negative impact of reoperations for bleeding on short-term mortality (p=0.589) and 3-year survival (p=0.079). Conclusions. Surgical interventions due to postoperative intraabdominal hemorrhage do not appear to affect short- and long-term outcomes following liver transplantation. Preoperative hemoglobin concentration over 11.3 g/dl is associated with decreased risk of this complication, yet the clinical relevance of this phenomenon is doubtful.
The article deals with the issue of identifying and measuring institutions. As an example, reputation was taken into consideration. The analysis leads to the conclusion that reputation could be treated as an institution and could be measured in the context of its impact on economic outcomes. This measurement can be carried out at three levels of detail: micro, meso and macro, among these the third is the least recognised in new institutional economics.
The article deals with the problem of identifying institutions and measuring them. As an example, reputation was taken into consideration. The analysis leads to the conclusion that reputation could be treated as an institution and could be measured in the context of its impact on economic outcomes. This measurement can be carried out at three levels of detail: micro, meso and macro, of which the third is the least recognized in new institutional economics. -
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