Temat: proportionality - Prolib Integro

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Disproportions in proportional distributions
Autorzy:: Misztal, Andrzej
Tematy:: electoral threshold
degressive proportionality
over-representation
proportionality; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/585026.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: In the case of degressive proportionality, a large over-representation of small countries is a deliberate concession of larger countries to ensure that less populated states are adequately represented (the principle of European solidarity). It is worth emphasizing how important is the role played by election thresholds, which prevent excessive fragmentation of the parliament. Thus, they act as a stabilizing factor in the political scene, which in Polish conditions cannot be overestimated. A weakness of the thresholds is the fact that they distort the proportionality of the results and cause over-representation of certain parties. In extreme cases they can lead to the dictatorship of one party even if it is provided with low popularl support.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Progresywna proporcjonalność jako cecha systemu wyborczego
Autorzy:: Haman, Jacek
Tematy:: proportionality
degressive proportionality
progressive proportionality
electoral system
proporcjonalność
degresywna proporcjonalność
progresywna proporcjonalność
system wyborczy; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1198604.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Systemy proporcjonalnego podziału mandatów między partie, na podstawie wyników wyborów, a przed wyborami między okręgi wyborcze na podstawie danych demograficznych, oceniane są zwykle ze względu na zgodność ostatecznych podziałów z kryterium proporcjonalności. W pewnych sytuacjach odejście od prostej proporcjonalności w kierunku proporcjonalności degresywnej lub progresywnej jest jednak celowe i nie powinno być traktowane w kategoriach błędu. Kwestia ta była już analizowana w odniesieniu do degresywnie proporcjonalnego podziału mandatów, przede wszystkim w kontekście podziału mandatów między delegacje narodowe w Parlamencie Europejskim. W tym artykule koncentruję się natomiast na kwestii proporcjonalności progresywnej podziału mandatów między partie i proponuję sposób mierzenia siły progresji podziału. Nową miarę stosuję do opisu systemów wyborczych w krajach europejskich, a także do oceny wpływu wielkości okręgu wyborczego oraz zastosowanej metody podziału proporcjonalnego (metoda d’Hondta lub Sainte-Laguë) na progresję podziału mandatów, a więc na to, na ile dany system przy podziale mandatów premiuje partie duże.
Systems of proportional division of seats between parties, based on the results of the election, and between constituencies on the basis of demographic data, are usually judged on the basis of the compatibility of the final divisions with the criterion of proportionality. In certain situations, moving away from a straightforward proportionality towards degressive or progressive proportionality is intentional and should not be considered as a form of error. This issue has already been analyzed with regard to the degressively proportional distribution of seats, primarily in the context of the distribution of seats between the national delegations in the European Parliament. In this paper, however, I focus on the question of the progressive proportionality of division of seats between parties and propose a tool for measuring the strength of progressivity of division. I use the new measure to describe electoral systems in European countries, as well as to assess the impact of the size of the constituency and the apportionment method used (d'Hondt or Sainte-Laguë) on the progressivity of the distribution of seats.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Proportionality principle in the supervision of local government
Zasada proporcjonalności w nadzorze nad samorządem terytorialnym
Autorzy:: Juszczyk, Anna
Opis:: In order to ensure a balance between control over self-government and the preservation of its autonomy, the principle of proportionality is important. It allows for effective supervision and intervention in the event of violations of the law or irregularities, while securing the rights and competences of the local government. In the case of supervision of local and local government, the body exercising such supervision should act in such a way as not to prejudice the autonomy and independence of the local government. It should act with respect for the law and democratic principles and take into account the expectations and needs of society.
Dla zapewnienia równowagi pomiędzy kontrolą nad samorządem a zachowaniem jego autonomii ważna jest zasada proporcjonalności. Pozwala na skuteczne sprawowanie nadzoru i interwencji w przypadku naruszeń prawa lub nieprawidłowości, jednocześnie zabezpieczając prawa i kompetencje samorządu.W przypadku nadzoru nad samorządem terytorialnym organ sprawujący ten nadzór powinien działać w taki sposób, by nie naruszać autonomii i niezależności samorządu. Powinien działać z poszanowaniem prawa i zasad demokratycznych oraz uwzględniać oczekiwania i potrzeby społeczeństwa.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Inne

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: The allocation of seats in the European Parliament and the principle of degressive proportionality
Autorzy:: Peternek, Piotr
Kośny, Marek
Tematy:: European Parliament
degressive proportionality
optimization; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584967.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: One of the key issues in the process of preparing for an election to the European Parliament is to determine the number of seats for each country. The Treaty of Lisbon, signed by Member States of the European Union, has obliged the European Parliament to establish rules guaranteeing that the distribution of seats should be done according to, inter alia, the principle of degressive proportionality. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the principle of degressive proportionality is actually implemented, and to propose a compromise – a mathematical solution, guaranteeing that the distribution of seats is consistent with the requirements of the Lisbon Treaty.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: General principles of law and taxation
Autorzy:: Lasiński-Sulecki, Krzysztof
Morawski, Wojciech
Prejs, Ewa
Tematy:: principles
rules
proportionality
legal certainty; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2010032.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Although the general principles of law at first sight do not bring about numerous associations with the sphere of taxation where the processes of compliance with legal rules or applying them must end with a precise numerical result, both the relevance and the significance of these principles in the sphere of tax law are more and more noticeable. The principle of proportionality has been invoked in probably every second VAT judgment of the Court of Justice for years. The principle of legal certainty has made its way to the case law of the said court as well as the Constitutional Tribunal in Poland. The importance of other principles is definitely on the rise.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Degressive proportionality – notes on the ambiguity of the concept
Autorzy:: Dniestrzański, Piotr
Tematy:: degressive proportionality
apportionment problem
European Parliament; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584986.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: This article discusses the problem of the definition of degressive proportionality. This term is used in many areas of economics but its meaning is not standardized. It is understood differently when related to tax issues compared to distribution of seats in the European Parliament. The differences are small but significant. The article provides and analyzes the different meanings of the concept of degressive proportionality and proposes to introduce two new concepts – concave degressive proportionality and convex degressive proportionality.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: The Legitimacy of Area-Based Restrictions to Maintain Public Order: Giving Content to the Proportionality Principle from a European Legal Perspective
Autorzy:: Todts, Liesbeth
Tematy:: area-based restrictions, proportionality principle, public order; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/680896.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: This contribution aims to provide a first exploratory analysis of the criteria that must be taken into account by national authorities when considering the proportionality of public order measures restricting the individual's fundamental right to freedom of movement, such as area-based restrictions. The content of the proportionality principle as regards area-based restrictions is not always clear, in particular at European human rights level, while it is an important condition that these restrictions be compatible with the right to freedom of movement. To that end, this article first gives a brief overview of the content of this principle at European level. In order to find some inspiration, it then compares it with the interpretation of this principle at national level, more specifically Belgium and the United Kingdom, where new forms of area-based restrictions have been introduced recently. The case law of the Belgian Council of State is an interesting case to examine since the Council applies a different proportionality test depending on the legal classification of the measure imposed. The contribution proceeds with an analysis of the proportionality principle in the UK case law, where it is a relative newcomer used instead of the traditional "Wednesbury unreasonableness" test in cases that fall under the European Convention on Human Rights.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Sprawiedliwość podziału degresywnie proporcjonalnego
Autorzy:: Łyko, Janusz
Tematy:: degressive proportionality
fair division
European Parliament
elections; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/434716.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The principle of degressively proportional distribution of seats in the European Parliament has been legally sanctioned under the terms of the Lisbon Treaty. Thus there appeared a solution which defied the perception of justice of distribution according to culturally shaped proportional allocation rules. Previous methods of determining the composition of collegiate bodies generally used the rule of proportional to the population of each constituency, composition of the legal body representing the society. On this basis, there are many socially accepted methods which have been tried and tested. In the field of electoral law regulations the rule of degressive proportionality is a new solution, and as such it still lacks tradition and already shaped approval that may justify its use. This article aims to find justification for this solution as opposed to the socially accep- table methods of distribution of goods and debts. In order to arrive at this argument the article reaches back to Aristotle’s philosophical concept, as well as solutions taken from the Talmud. It turns out that the degressive proportionality falls within the accepted concepts of equitable distribution. It offers an intermediate solution between equal and proportional allocation. There are also legitimate reasons for the use of degressively proportional rule in the process of allocating seats in the European Parliament. The problem is only the lack of unambiguity of the rule and the lack of precise reasoning to determine the boundary conditions at the level set in the Lisbon Treaty. This creates a very high degree of freedom of interpretation, leaving room for political negotiations on the acceptance of specific proposals. This situation has led to the point that, since the legal acceptance of the principle of degressive proportionality, the rule has not been applied in practice. Proposals for the composition of the European Parliament presented at the beginning of 2013 for the term 2014-2019 indicate that over the next five years exceptions to this rule will be approved. The second part of the paper presents proposals on solving the problem that can be found in the literature, as well as two other directions for seeking fair allocation. They cannot be deprived of discretion, as, of course, it is not possible to obtain conclusive decisions without the introduction of additional postulates. These postulates aim at clarifying the determination of the boundary conditions in such a way as to reduce the number of possible solutions or introduce an additional rule that will allow for an unambiguous (for a given population) specification of composition of the European Parliament. This is possible thanks to, inter alia, the ability to generate all feasible solutions. In this situation the solution of the problem is to select one out of a finite number of known divisions according to an established criterion. This frees the process of selecting the composition of the European Parliament from political considerations, and moves the weight of the debate to the ground of determining the said additional criterion. The current problem concerning the distribution of seats in the European Parliament is of course more general. The conditions that caused sanctioning of such a solution are of economic and social origin. It is expected that in the future the number of problems associated with allocation of goods, that are solved in this way, will be greater than they are currently. Undoubtedly, inequalities in various aspects of social existence favor the issue.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Funkcje planu miejscowego
Functions of the Local Plan
Autorzy:: Zachariasz, I.
Tematy:: local plan
spatial order
sustainable development
proportionality; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2032474.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: In the current legal status the basic function of the local plan is getting for raising the land value itself rather than of spatial aims for planning and the realization determined including financial possibilities of private and public entities. The process of adopting the local plan to be viable and socially equitable and execute the requirements of spatial order and sustainable development requires fundamental changes, in particular: (1) binding decisions on local plans investment opportunities in both public entities and private, (2) cover a broad legal protection proposals and comments submitted to the local plan and drive around in their consideration or rejection of the principle of proportionality, (3) tying the infrastructure fee with actual construction costs of local infrastructure, (4) verification already enacted local plans, in order to leave in legal transactions only those plans, areas of application which can be implemented as provided for in their intentions private and public fairly quickly, for example over 5-10 years.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Right to Education in the Slovak Republic
Autorzy:: Maslen, Michal
Tematy:: education
school
convention
court
constitution
discretion
proportionality; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Stowarzyszenie Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/55991843.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The paper analyzes the extent of transposition of the requirements of the right to education into the statutory legislation on education in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The author includes also the conclusions and opinions arising from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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