Temat: terrorism - Prolib Integro

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Contemporary terrorism as a global threat
Autorzy:: Żuber, Marian
Smolarek, Mirosław
Wydawca:: Nicolae Balcescu Land Forces Academy Publishing House
Opis:: Terrorism has been present in human history since ancient times, but it was not considered a serious threat for global security. The attacks on the World Trade Center have demonstrated that it is a threat of a global nature. It is an effective weapon used by the "weaker" against the stronger opponents. The subject of terrorism is very complex, difficult and elusive. There is a divergence among the scholars in understanding terrorism studies due to the lack of uniform criteria for the determination of a clear definition. Therefore, this article is an attempt to characterize the diversity of the terrorist activities that deviate from the “conventional” terrorism such as agro-terrorism, cyber-terrorism, super-terrorism, etc.). In addition, the paper stresses the need of combating terrorism as a partial solution to improve the safety of the international community.
Mirosław Smolarek
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Centrum Otwartej Nauki

Inne

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: The Essence of Terrorism
Autorzy:: Zubrzycki, Waldemar
Tematy:: terrorism
fear of terrorism
consequences of terrorism
asymmetric conflict; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375032.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The area of content to which the term “terrorism” refers is very broad and is also the subject of numerous studies. However, the results indicate significant discrepancies in the understanding of the term, resulting not only in an ambiguous perception, but above all in the lack of a generally accepted definition of the phenomenon. Researchers see it as an ideology, as well as a strategy, tactics or method of fighting, and finally as a tool for achieving the goals set. The validity of the meaning assigned to them has been verified by analysing the definitions of individual concepts, and in the search for the scope of meaning of the word terrorism, the terms that are indicated as its synonyms have also been used. The research conducted indicated political motivation as a feature distinguishing a terrorist from an ordinary criminal. Terrorists try to influence the power of a given country, also aiming at causing disturbances in its decision-making processes and, as a result, paralysing the state apparatus. The main characteristic of terrorism is the use of violence, which can take the form of any behaviour that results in the creation of a state of fear and danger in the human psyche. The purpose of terrorism is, therefore, to deliberately arouse and exploit fear, and its far-reaching psychological consequences go well beyond the immediate victims. Arousing fear in a society of the likelihood of a terrorist attack aims to force a government, organisation or social group to take or abandon certain actions. The adoption of such a tactic of action is an effect of disproportions, concerning both quantitative parameters of military potentials and factors determining the level of civilisation, and the differences lie in both the way of thinking and views, as well as the method of conducting a fight. In such a context, the power of terrorism comes from surprise, brutality and a task of the greatest possible loss in the shortest possible time, using unconventional methods. Unfortunately, the use of terrorist methods has become widespread and the threat of terrorism has become global.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Maritime and port terrorism – a phenomenon analysis
Autorzy:: Osmólska, Iwona
Smolarczyk, Rajmund
Tematy:: terrorism
threats
maritime
port terrorism; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/54723869.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Background: In the era of the global threat of terrorist attacks, seaports implement a number of measures to eliminate them. As part of these activities, in addition to threat definition and risk analysis, they also take into account applicable normative documents, both international and national. However, many of these documents equate port terrorist threats with maritime terrorism, which until now has not been clearly defined. It would therefore seem desirable to define terrorist acts threatening seaports as a separate form of terrorism. Consequently, the research problem closed with the question: Is maritime terrorism the same as port terrorism and what factors distinguish them from each other? Objectives: The aim of this paper is not only to present the theoretical issues of the subject, but above all to articulate the factors that distinguish threats of maritime terrorism from threats of port terrorism and to prove that these are two different issues (problems). Methods: Theoretical research methods were used in this study, i.e. analysis of the literature, analysis of the acts of maritime terrorism that have occurred so far, and inference, which is a cognitive factor of the subject under analysis. Results: The results of the research indicate that there are significant differences between a terrorist attack on the high seas and a terrorist attack on a seaport regarding not only the consequences but also the scale of the threat.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Why is it so Difficult to Define Terrorism?
Autorzy:: Wojciechowski, Sebastian
Tematy:: Terrorism
Definitions of Terrorism; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028132.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The term ‘terrorism’ is among the most frequently used words. It accompanies us on an everyday basis. It is apparently understood in a similar manner throughout the world, but it is actually interpreted and defined in different ways. “All vogue words appear to share a similar fate: the more experiences they pretend to make transparent, the more they themselves become opaque”. Terrorism is no exception to that rule. This has become particularly apparent following the events of September 11, Bali, Madrid and London. Terrorism is characterized not only by its manifold nature and complexity but also by the problem with its definition.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: The Phenomenon of Terrorism as a Threat to International Security
Autorzy:: Szkurłat, Izabela
Tematy:: terrorism
terrorist attacks
Islamic terrorism
terrorism and media
international security; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1807987.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The article presents terrorism as a threat to international security in the 21st century. The problem with defining terrorism has been present for many years and the available definitions are developed based on the main features of terrorism. The article emphasises that terrorism has evolved through the 20th and 21st centuries. Terrorist incidents have become more unpredictable in terms of place and time, and so did methods of carrying out the attacks. The further section describes the impact of terrorist attacks on public opinion and the perception of terrorism. The consequence of presenting terrorist incidents in the media is the widespread sense of threat of terrorism. Terrorists use the mass media to convey their ideologies and the medium that is most used by them is the Internet. Based on examples, the author demonstrates that terrorism has an influence on policies adapted by countries and is an economic threat. Finally, the article states that despite the lower frequency of incidents in Europe, terrorism is still a problem and subsequent terrorist incidents are only a matter of time. Fewer terrorist attacks in Europe do not mean that terrorist organisations are weaker.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: The Financing of Terrorist Activities
Autorzy:: Zubrzycki, Waldemar
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Cytata wydawnicza:: Zubrzycki W., The Financing of Terrorist Activities, "Internal Security" 2022,nr 1, s. 183-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0388
Opis:: Funkcjonowanie grup terrorystycznych, podobnie jak wszystkich innych organizacji, wymaga odpowiednich środków finansowych. Zjawisko terroryzmu potrzebuje do funkcjonowania organizacji terrorystycznych wielu zasobów dostępnych dla nich, w tym wsparcia finansowego. Finansowanie terroryzmu jest obszarem, którego nie da się do końca zdefiniować, a wnioski dotyczące tego zagadnienia często opierają się na spekulacjach i przypuszczeniach. Wiadomo jednak, że istnieje wiele sposobów jego pozyskiwania, zarówno legalnych, jak i nielegalnych. Nie ulega też wątpliwości, że terroryści wciąż poszukują nowych, nieznanych dotąd sposobów finansowania swojej działalności. Obejmuje ono bezpośrednie wydatki na zamachy oraz koszty tworzenia i utrzymywania infrastruktury organizacyjnej, logistyki jej zabezpieczenia oraz propagowania swojej ideologii. Wśród ekspertów ds. przeciwdziałania terroryzmowi można spotkać się z opinią, że odcięcie źródeł ich finansowania jest skuteczną metodą likwidacji organizacji terrorystycznych. Walka z finansowaniem terroryzmu stała się podstawowym narzędziem przeciwdziałania temu groźnemu zjawisku. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie sposobów pozyskiwania i wykorzystywania środków finansowych przez organizacje terrorystyczne.
Wie alle anderen Organisationen benötigen auch terroristische Organisationen für ihre Arbeit angemessene finanzielle Mittel. Das Phänomen des Terrorismus erfordert viele der Ressourcen, die terroristischen Organisationen zur Verfügung stehen, um zu funktionieren, einschließlich finanzieller Unterstützung. Die Finanzierung des Terrorismus ist ein Bereich, der nicht vollständig definiert werden kann und dessen Schlussfolgerungen häufig auf Spekulationen und Mutmaßungen beruhen. Es ist jedoch bekannt, dass es viele Möglichkeiten der Beschaffung gibt, sowohl legale als auch illegale. Es besteht auch kein Zweifel daran, dass Terroristen ständig nach neuen und bisher unbekannten Wegen zur Finanzierung ihrer Aktivitäten suchen. Dazu gehören die direkten Ausgaben für Anschläge sowie die Kosten für die Schaffung und Aufrechterhaltung der organisatorischen Infrastruktur, die Logistik für deren Sicherung und die Verbreitung ihrer Ideologie. Experten für Terrorismusbekämpfung sind der Ansicht, dass das Abschneiden der Finanzierungsquellen eine wirksame Methode zur Zerschlagung terroristischer Organisationen ist. Die Bekämpfung der Terrorismusfinanzierung ist zu einem wichtigen Instrument zur Bekämpfung dieses gefährlichen Phänomens geworden. Dieser Beitrag soll einen Einblick in die Art und Weise geben, wie terroristische Organisationen Gelder beschaffen und verwenden.
The functioning of terrorist groups, like all other organisations, require appropriate financial resources. The phenomenon of terrorism needs a series of resources available for the terrorist organisations, including financial support. Terrorist financing is an area that cannot be completely defined, and the conclusions concerning it are often based on speculations and assumptions. However, it is known that there are many ways to obtain it, both legal and illegal. There is also no doubt that terrorists are still looking for new, hitherto unknown ways of financing their activities. It includes the direct expenditures for the attacks and the costs of establishing and maintaining the organisational infrastructure, its security logistics, and promoting their ideology. Among counterterrorism experts, one can come across the opinion that cutting off their funding sources is an effective method of dismantling terrorist organisations. Combating terrorism financing became an essential tool to counteract this menacing phenomenon. This article aims to overview how funds are raised and used by terrorist organisations.
Для деятельности террористических групп, как и всех других организаций, необходимы соответствующие финансовые ресурсы. Феномен терроризма требует для деятельности террористических организаций многих доступных им средств, включая финансовую поддержку. Финансирование терроризма — это сфера, которой невозможно дать полное определение, а сделанные заключения часто основаны на спекуляциях и предположениях. Однако известно, что существует много способов его получения, как законных, так и незаконных. Не вызывает сомнений и тот факт, что террористы постоянно ищут новые и ранее неизвестные способы финансирования своей деятельности. Сюда входят прямые расходы на проведение терактов, а также затраты на создание и поддержку организационной инфраструктуры, материально-техническое обеспечение безопасности и пропаганду своей идеологии. Среди экспертов по борьбе с терроризмом существует мнение, что эффективным методом борьбы с террористическими организациями является перекрытие источников их финансирования. Борьба с финансированием терроризма стала важнейшим инструментом противодействия этому опасному явлению. Цель данной статьи — дать представление о том, как террористические организации собирают и используют финансовые средства.
Dostawca treści:: Repozytorium Centrum Otwartej Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Is network theory the most suitable for understanding terrorist radicalisation?
Autorzy:: Reinskou, Mari Cecilie Tolfsen
Tematy:: Terrorism
International security
Roots of terrorism
Theories of terrorism; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu w Dąbrowie Górniczej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/534437.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Terrorist radicalisation has been broadly discussed in different research environments, and there are many different opinions about reasons why some people resort to such extreme acts of terrorism. In January 2015, the Kouachi brothers went into the satire company of Charlie Hebdo in France and killed 12 people, and in November the same year a group of terrorists killed 139 people in different attacks in Paris. There have been many terrorist attacks not only in European countries, but also around the world in general. It is not something new, but globalisation and closeness to the media make us more aware of the terror than earlier. The purpose of the paper is to argue, by using different theories within the terrorism studies, that network theory is not the most suitable way to understand terrorist radicalisation, but that different theories in general supplement each other. At the beginning terminology will be explained, followed by introducing network theory, comparing theories on the basis of different factors like understanding terrorist's background, and look at both internal and external factors that influence individuals. Subsequently, different theories will be compared on how well they explain the root causes for violent actions leading to final conclusions.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Combating terrorism. Classification of terrorist acts
Autorzy:: Fedotov, Оleksandr
Tematy:: terrorism
anti-terrorist coalition
international terrorism; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1861719.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: This paper examines the fight against terrorism and the classification of terrorist attacks. Mass and geographic prevalence of terrorist acts and their output in most cases beyond one particular country, as well as the availability of sustainable and carefully conspiratorial network connection between different terrorist groups that operate even in different regions of the world to characterize contemporary terrorism as a phenomenon having an international character.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: The role of the police in counter-terrorist activities
Autorzy:: Rekwirowicz, Jarosław
Tematy:: security
terrorism
Police
counter-terrorism; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40413755.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: Security is an interdisciplinary concept that is important for the existence and development of individual people and entire societies. Many events can cause them anxiety, and this undoubtedly includes a terrorist act, which is inherently evil. Terrorism develops along with the development of civilization, which forces individual countries to constantly improve and modernize the methods of combating this threat. Although, according to research, Polish society is not afraid of terrorist attacks, in the current political situation it should be assumed that Poland may be the target of such attacks. State authorities have created an anti-terrorist system to ensure citizen safety. In which an important role in anti-theorist and counter-terrorist activities was assigned to the Police.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Crimes Against Peace, Humanity and War Crimes as Offences of Terrorist Character under Article 115(20) of Polish Criminal Code
Autorzy:: Michalska-Warias, Aneta
Tematy:: terrorism
state terrorism
terrorist offences; Pokaż więcej
Wydawca:: Stowarzyszenie Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/55991809.pdf Link otwiera się w nowym oknie
Opis:: The article analyses crimes against peace, crimes against humanity and war crimes from the perspective of the construction of a terrorist offence under Article 115(20) of the Polish Penal Code. The author discusses the concept of state terrorism in social sciences, such as criminology and political science, and points out the controversies surrounding this concept. This is followed by an analysis of the terrorist offence in the Criminal Code and the arguments supporting the view that the offences in Chapter XVI of the Criminal Code can be regarded as fulfilling the conditions of a terrorist offence. Such a solution implies the application to the perpetrators of such offences of stricter rules for the imposition of punishment and probation measures in accordance with the provisions of Article 65(1) of the Criminal Code.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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